“…The Si 2p spectral region of the sample presented in Figure a consists of five peaks at binding energies of 100.5, 101.4, 102.2, 103.1, and 104.3 eV assigned to Si + (Si 2 O), Si 2+ (SiO), Si 3+ (Si 2 O 3 ), Si 4+ (SiO 2 ), and Si 4+ (SiO 2 ) species, respectively. , The Al 2p spectrum is deconvoluted into four different peaks, as shown in Figure b. The main peak at a binding energy of 74.2 eV is attributed to the appearance of Al 3+ (Al 2 O 3 ) species in the sample. , In Figure c, the O 1s XPS profile shows three main peaks at 529.9, 531.2, and 532.5 eV associated with the oxygen species being in the form of an oxygen lattice (related to Cu species), Si–O–Al, and Si–O–Si linkages, respectively. − Furthermore, the presence of Cu species attributed to Cu + (Cu 2 O) and Cu 2+ (CuO) in the synthesized sample is confirmed by the Cu 2p XPS profile as exhibited in Figure d. The deconvolution of the Cu 2p spectrum shows six different peaks at various binding energies.…”