Selective Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II in the Songbird Brain

Holzenberger, Martin; Jarvis, Erich D.; Chong, Christopher A K Y; Grossman, Matthew; Nottebohm, Fernando; Scharff, Constance

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-18-06974.1997

Cited by 53 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Nearly all glutamate receptor subunits/ subtypes showed differential expression in one or more cerebral vocal nuclei. Prior studies have shown differential expression of some genes in songbird and parrot vocal nuclei (Arnold et al, 1976;Bottjer, 1993;Ball, 1994;Casto and Ball, 1994;Aamodt et al, 1995;Holzenberger et al, 1997;Durand et al, 1998;Denisenko-Nehrbass et al, 2000), including the three previously cloned glutamate receptor subunits, NR1, NR2A, and NR2B from songbirds (Singh et al, 2000;Heinrich et al, 2002). However, none have shown systematic differential expression of nearly one entire gene family and across all vocal learning orders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential expression of glutamate receptors in avian neural pathways for learned vocalization

Wada

Sakaguchi

Jarvis

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

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141

188

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Learned vocalization, the substrate for human language, is a rare trait. It is found in three distantly related groups of birds-parrots, hummingbirds, and songbirds. These three groups contain cerebral vocal nuclei for learned vocalization not found in their more closely related vocal nonlearning relatives. Here, we cloned 21 receptor subunits/subtypes of all four glutamate receptor families (AMPA, kainate, NMDA, and metabotropic) and examined their expression in vocal nuclei of songbirds. We also examined expression of a subset of these receptors in vocal nuclei of hummingbirds and parrots, as well as in the brains of dove species as examples of close vocal nonlearning relatives. Among the 21 subunits/subtypes, 19 showed higher and/or lower prominent differential expression in songbird vocal nuclei relative to the surrounding brain subdivisions in which the vocal nuclei are located. This included relatively lower levels of all four AMPA subunits in lMAN, strikingly higher levels of the kainite subunit GluR5 in the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), higher and lower levels respectively of the NMDA subunits NR2A and NR2B in most vocal nuclei and lower levels of the metabotropic group I subtypes (mGluR1 and -5) in most vocal nuclei and the group II subtype (mGluR2), showing a unique expression pattern of very low levels in RA and very high levels in HVC. The splice variants of AMPA subunits showed further differential expression in vocal nuclei. Some of the receptor subunits/subtypes also showed differential expression in hummingbird and parrot vocal nuclei. The magnitude of differential expression in vocal nuclei of all three vocal learners was unique compared with the smaller magnitude of differences found for nonvocal areas of vocal learners and vocal nonlearners. Our results suggest that evolution of vocal learning was accompanied by differential expression of a conserved gene family for synaptic transmission and plasticity in vocal nuclei. They also suggest that neural activity and signal transduction in vocal nuclei of vocal learners will be different relative to the surrounding brain areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential expression of glutamate receptors in avian neural pathways for learned vocalization

Wada

Sakaguchi

Jarvis

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

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141

188

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“…Indeed, analysis of HVC by electron microscopy has revealed that the somata of new HVC neurons establish membrane-membrane contacts with mature HVC neurons (Burd and Nottebohm, 1985). Moreover, newly integrated cells often contact multiple mature neurons simultaneously, thereby forming small groups of neurons, which have been referred to as "clusters" (Burd and Nottebohm, 1985;Holzenberger et al, 1997;Kirn et al, 1999). Such cluster organization is evident in the HVC adult zebra finches as well (B.…”

Section: Wandering Migration and The Formation Of Neuronal Clustersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wandering Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Vertebrate Forebrain

Scott

Gardner

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

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Most non-mammalian vertebrate species add new neurons to existing brain circuits throughout life, a process thought to be essential for tissue maintenance, repair, and learning. How these new neurons migrate through the mature brain and which cues trigger their integration within a functioning circuit is not known. To address these questions, we used two-photon microscopy to image the addition of genetically labeled newly generated neurons into the brain of juvenile zebra finches. Time-lapse in vivo imaging revealed that the majority of migratory new neurons exhibited a multipolar morphology and moved in a nonlinear manner for hundreds of micrometers. Young neurons did not use radial glia or blood vessels as a migratory scaffold; instead, cells extended several motile processes in different directions and moved by somal translocation along an existing process. Neurons were observed migrating for ϳ2 weeks after labeling injection. New neurons were observed to integrate in close proximity to the soma of mature neurons, a behavior that may explain the emergence of clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the adult songbird brain. These results provide direct, in vivo evidence for a wandering form of neuronal migration involved in the addition of new neurons in the postnatal brain.

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“…Radioactive in situ hybridization of mRNA expression is widely used for multiple purposes, including for studying regional tissue organization, cell types, and brain functional activity [2][3][4][5]10,[12][13][14] . The later use is on genes whose mRNA expression in the brain is dependent on increased neural activity, often called activity-dependent genes or immediate early genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With these uses, our method has been applied across multiple species, including in birds, mammals (e.g. human), fish, and amphibians; in multiple tissues, including brain, skin, and muscle; and multiple ages, including hatchlings/neonates, juveniles, adults, and here in whole embryo sections 2,3,5,[15][16][17] . The special features of our protocol include: (1) It produces a balance between anatomical specificity and quantitative specificity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each of these features can be accomplished with in situ hybridization to mRNAs within cells. Here we present a radioactive in situ hybridization method modified from Clayton et al (1988) 1 that has been working successfully in our lab for many years, especially for adult vertebrate brains [2][3][4][5] . The long complementary RNA (cRNA) probes to the target sequence allows for detection of low abundance transcripts 6,7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radioactive <em>in situ</em> Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Chen

Wada

Jarvis

2012

JoVE

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Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. Each of these features can be accomplished with in situ hybridization to mRNAs within cells. Here we present a radioactive in situ hybridization method modified from Clayton et al. (1988) 1 that has been working successfully in our lab for many years, especially for adult vertebrate brains [2][3][4][5] . The long complementary RNA (cRNA) probes to the target sequence allows for detection of low abundance transcripts 6,7 . Incorporation of radioactive nucleotides into the cRNA probes allows for further detection sensitivity of low abundance transcripts and quantitative analyses, either by light sensitive x-ray film or emulsion coated over the tissue. These detection methods provide a long-term record of target gene expression. Compared with non-radioactive probe methods, such as DIG-labeling, the radioactive probe hybridization method does not require multiple amplification steps using HRP-antibodies and/or TSA kit to detect low abundance transcripts. Therefore, this method provides a linear relation between signal intensity and targeted mRNA amounts for quantitative analysis. It allows processing 100-200 slides simultaneously. It works well for different developmental stages of embryos. Most developmental studies of gene expression use whole embryos and non-radioactive approaches 8,9 , in part because embryonic tissue is more fragile than adult tissue, with less cohesion between cells, making it difficult to see boundaries between cell populations with tissue sections. In contrast, our radioactive approach, due to the larger range of sensitivity, is able to obtain higher contrast in resolution of gene expression between tissue regions, making it easier to see boundaries between populations. Using this method, researchers could reveal the possible significance of a newly identified gene, and further predict the function of the gene of interest. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at https://www.jove.com/video/3764/ Protocol 1. Tissue Preparation 1. Harvest fresh tissues. For avian embryos, carefully open eggs and clean the embryo in a dish with 1xPBS, two times. For adult brains, quickly remove the brain and gently wash with 1 x PBS. 2. Embed embryos or adult brain into an embedded mold full of OCT tissue tek, orientating the tissue as needed for sectioning, and quickly freeze the block by placing it into a ethanol and dry ice mixture, being careful not to get the mixture inside of the block. 3. Slice the frozen sample in a cryostat into 10-12 μm thick sections. For brain and embryonic tissue, the best cutting temperate is within the range of -18 °C to -20 °C. 4. Mount frozen sections on super plus glass slides. 5. Store the sections in a slide box at -80 °C. Generation of Radioactive Riboprobes (Use radiation safety procedures of your institution)1. Generate a purified linear DNA template of your cDNA of interest either by enzyme ...

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Selective Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II in the Songbird Brain

Cited by 53 publications

References 87 publications

Differential expression of glutamate receptors in avian neural pathways for learned vocalization

Differential expression of glutamate receptors in avian neural pathways for learned vocalization

Wandering Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Vertebrate Forebrain

Radioactive <em>in situ</em> Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

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