Selective inhibition of sphingosine kinase-1 protects adipose tissue against LPS-induced inflammatory response in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Abstract

Obesity is associated with a state of chronic inflammation. The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) has been proposed to modulate the inflammatory response in adipose tissue (AT). However, the mechanisms underlying CCL5 upregulation in AT remain undefined. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the enzyme sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1) would modulate the expression of CCL5 and other inflammatory biomarkers in primary adipocytes and its potential role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AT inflammation in a rat model of diabetes. To address this, LPS-stimulated primary adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells were treated with a SK inhibitor, and the expression of Ccl5 and other CC chemokines were studied. Moreover, the effect of SK1 knockdown on cytokine production was analyzed in 3T3-L1 cells by transfection of SK1-specific small-interfering RNA (siRNA). The anti-inflammatory effects of SK inhibitor in AT were also investigated in vivo using the Zucker lean normoglycemic control (ZLC) rats. LPS treatment stimulated Ccl5, IL-6, pentraxin 3 (Ptx3), and Tnfα mRNA expression in primary adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells, whereas pharmacologically and siRNA-mediated SK1 inhibition strongly reduced mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines in these cells. Similarly, administration of SK inhibitor to ZLC rats prevented the LPS-induced inflammatory response in AT. Our data demonstrate a role for SK1 in endotoxin-induced cytokine expression in adipocytes and suggest that inhibition of SK1 may be a potential therapeutic tool in the prevention and treatment of chronic and common metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin-resistance, and type 2 diabetes.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: TREM-1 associated macrophage polarization plays a significant role in inducing insulin resistance in obese population

“…The C–C chemokine receptor types 2 and 5 (CCR2 and CCR5), and their respective ligands, C–C chemokine ligand types 2 (CCL2/MCP-1) and 5 (CCL5/RANTES) play an important role in polarizing monocytes to M1 macrophages [12]. Continuous migration of monocytes to adipose tissue is regulated by CCL2-CCR2 interaction [13] and CCR5/CCL5 axis [14]. …”

The role of sphingolipid signalling in diabetes-associated pathologies (Review)

“…The pharmacological inhibition of SphK1 activity blocks ADRB3-induced IL-6 production in adipocytes, both in vitro and in vivo (74). Furthermore, the selective inhibition of SphK1 protects adipocytes from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in Zucker diabetic fatty rats (75). SphK1 deficiency upregulates the gene expression of the anti-inflammatory molecules (IL-10 and adiponectin) and improves overall insulin sensitivity in the adipose and muscle tissues of SphK1 knockout mice in vivo (68).…”

TREM-1 Associated Macrophage Polarization Plays a Significant Role in Inducing Insulin Resistance in the Obese Population

“…Obese nondiabetics (16) Obese diabetics (14) Correlation ( and IL-4) and obese diabetic populations (Table 4).…”

“…The C-C chemokine receptor types 2 and 5 (CCR2 and CCR5), and their respective ligands, C-C chemokine ligand types 2 (CCL2/MCP-1) and 5 (CCL5/RANTES) play an important role in polarizing monocytes to M1 macrophages [12]. The continuous migration of monocytes to adipose tissue is regulated by CCL2-CCR2 interaction [13] and CCR5/CCL5 axis [14].…”