Book chapter 19 'Neuroendocrine Tumours Imaging and Image Guided Therapies' in Multimodality Imaging and Intervention in Oncology. Springer Nature. Not yet published. This chapter will focus on gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) in which NETs are named according to the location or the hormone they produce.
Key Learning Points NETs are rare and often slow-growing tumours that arise from cells of the neuroendocrine system. These tumours share the capability to produce amines and peptide hormones or to express a high density of somatostatin receptors on cell membranes. Because of an overall indolent pattern of growth, most NETs are diagnosed in an advanced stage when patients present with mechanical symptoms due to tumour bulk. The carcinoid syndrome can often be seen in small intestine NETs. Several genetic disorders are linked to NETs such as MEN1-2 and von Recklinghausen's syndrome.
G3-NEC68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI (31) G3-NEC 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI (31)* * 18 FDG-PET for patients opting for radical surgery (31) G3-NEC Contrast-enhanced CT every 3-6 months for first 2-3 years, followed by every 6-12 months, or shorter. PET/CT for lymph node and bone lesions, MRI for liver and spine metastases (32) Gastroduodenal NETs G1-2 CT* (for metastases) (33) *Only for large (1-2 cm) and invasive tumours as detected by endoscopy (34) G1-3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI (33,35)* * 18 FDG-PET and 11 C-5-HTP PET/CT for incidental findings (33)* G1-3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI (33,35)* *Limited data concerning SST-imaging, potential use for detecting metastasis (33) G1-2 No (nuclear) imaging* G3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI (33,35)* * 18 FDG-PET and 11 C-5-HTP PET/CT for incidental findings (33)* Pancreatic NETs G1-3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI* (21,24)** *MRI has similar effectiveness in the detection of islet cell tumours (24) **Insulinoma: low sensitivity with 68 Ga-SST (21), consider GLP-1 analogue (8) G1-3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI* (21,24)* *Use 18 FDG PET/CT in case of rapid tumour progression (36) G1-3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI* (21,24) *Especially if LM are present use DW-MRI and DCE-MRI (32) G1-2 CT or MRI every 6-12 months if tumour <2cm for at least 5-10 years due to high risk of occurrence (37), otherwise surgery (21) G1-3 If progression is suspected, perform 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI (21,24) Small intestinal NETs G1-3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI G1-2 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI* (29) G3 FDG-PET/CT (29) *MRI for bone scintigraphy G1-3 CT/MRI with water enteroclysis* G1-2 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI every 6-12 months* G3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or MRI*every 3 months* *Follow-up should be life-long (29) Colorectal NETs G1-2 No (nuclear) imaging G3 68 Ga-SST PET/CT or SRSS and/or pelvic MRI (10) G1-2 No (nuclear) imaging G3 18 F-FDG PET/CT