Selective liquid phase oxidation of ethyl benzene to acetophenone by palladium nanoparticles immobilized on a g-C₃N₄–rGO composite as a recyclable catalyst

Abstract

A hybrid structure g-C3N4–rGO with honeycomb units was prepared for immobilizing Pd nanoparticles by a simple wet impregnation method.

Palladium‐Supported Nanoceria: A Highly Efficient Catalyst for Solvent‐Free Selective Oxidation of Ethylbenzene to Acetophenone

“…The products were mainly Acetophenone (AP) and 1‐phenylethanol (PE), without the oxidation of aromatic ring is found. It is evident from the literature that reactions with TBHP as oxidant follows the free‐radical pathway with the formation of peroxide radicals …”

“…Nilforoushan et. al reported the liquid‐phase oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone using a ternary composite of Pd/g‐C 3 N 4 /r‐GO nanocomposites with only 67% conversion at 24 h . Lin et.al in 2017 carried out the solvent‐free conversion of ethylbenzene to acetophenone by Co encapsulated carbon nitride nanotubes, but the use of high‐pressure reaction kettle and high temperature (120 °C) limit its use .…”

Synthesis of Cu Single Atoms Supported on Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride and Their Application in Liquid-Phase Aerobic Oxidation of Cyclohexene

“… − Tri-s-triazine was observed to be the elementary building block of g-C 3 N 4 , and ideal g-C 3 N 4 exclusively consists of carbon and nitrogen atoms with a C/N ratio of 0.75 . However, until now, no ideally condensed structure has been synthesized, and the as-grown polymers are rich in structural and surface defects rendering g-C 3 N 4 a promising support for heterogeneous catalysis . Due to the sp 2 -hybridized C–N bonds, g-C 3 N 4 has a superior tolerance toward high temperatures, and the single-layer stackings based on van der Waals interactions make g-C 3 N 4 insoluble in common solvents such as water, alcohols, dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile. ,− …”

“…16 However, until now, no ideally condensed structure has been synthesized, and the as-grown polymers are rich in structural and surface defects rendering g-C 3 N 4 a promising support for heterogeneous catalysis. 17 Due to the sp 2hybridized C−N bonds, g-C 3 N 4 has a superior tolerance toward high temperatures, and the single-layer stackings based on van der Waals interactions make g-C 3 N 4 insoluble in common solvents such as water, alcohols, dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile. 16,18−21 Metal-doped g-C 3 N 4 has already been successfully applied in several photocatalytic reactions such as H 2 evolution and CO 2 reduction.…”

Mechanistic insight into the hydrogenation of acetylene on the Pd2/g-C3N4 catalyst: effect of Pd clustering on the barrier energy and selectivity

“…The other important strategy is using single-atom alloys (SAA) and single-atom catalysts (SAC), immobilized on solid supports such as ZnO [32], berglass [33], graphene [34], Al 2 O 3 [35], and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) [6][7] which has shown interesting results in acetylene hydrogenation. Among the solid supports, g-C 3 N 4 is always considered a suitable candidate for the deposition of Pd active sites [36][37][38]. It has some outstanding features such as low-cost fabrication, short time and easy synthesis, adjustable surface area, good dispersion potential for active sites, and high coordination ability for metal clusters and nanoparticles.…”