“…Therefore, employing heterogeneous acid catalysts can contribute to overcome these drawbacks [1,11,[13][14][15][16]. Due to their stronger Brönsted acidity than conventional solid acids like mixed oxides and zeolites, Keggin type heteropolyacids (HPAs) can be employed instead of classical homogeneous acids [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Some drawbacks of bulk HPAs like low thermal stability, high solubility in water and polar media and low surface area (1-10 m 2 g −1 ) can be improved by functionalizing them into the framework of high surface area porous supports (silica, activated carbon, zirconia, polymers and acidic ionexchange resin) [11,18,19].…”