Selective production of γ-valerolactone or 1,4-pentanediol from levulinic acid/esters over Co-based catalyst: Importance of the synergy of hydrogenation sites and acidic sites

Cobalt catalysts derived from layered double hydroxide/g-C3N4 composite in the hydrogenation of γ-valerolactone to 1,4-pentanediol

“…By using the pseudo-rst-order kinetic model, the derived activation energies (E a ) of 27Co 3 Al 1 -N@C-600 and Co 3 Al 1 -600 were 57 kJ/mol and 83 kJ/mol, respectively. The apparent E a of 27Co 3 Al 1 -N@C-600 was also lower than other Co-based catalysts, e.g., CoMg-based catalyst (E a = 84 kJ/mol [47]), underlining the bene t of N decoration.…”

“…Fan et al [53] claimed that a proper combination of hydrogenation site (Cu 0 ) and base site (MgO) in a H 2 abundance environment shall facilitate the ring opening of GVL. By contrast, Shao et al [47] stated that a synergy of BAS, LAS, and metal sites is important, and the base site is unfavorable since it can abate acidity. Based on the aforementioned ndings, Fig.…”

1,4-Pentanediol: Vapor Pressure, Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Its Isobaric Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium with 2-Methyltetrahydrofurane

“…From this sequence, 1,4-PDO as a biomass-based building block has received increasing interest because short-chain (C 3 –C 5 ) diols are commercially used to form polymers, resins, and plasticizers, just to name a few industrial-scale applications. , Although copper–chromite-assisted hydrogenation of GVL to 1,4-PDO was reported by Christian et al in 1947, the complete biomass conversion cycle, including the presence of 1,4-PDO, was first reported by Horváth et al in 2008 . Recently, several novel homogeneous , and heterogeneous − catalytic systems were reported on the efficient conversion of either LA or GVL to 1,4-PDO. In the case of lower activity and/or selectivity, 1,4-PDO could be hydrogenated further to 2-MeTHF, resulting in a mixture of the corresponding starting material 1,4-PDO and 2-MeTHF.…”

TiO2-supported Co catalysts for the hydrogenation of γ-valerolactone to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: influence of the support

“…In the stepwise hydrodeoxygenation of GVL into 2-MTHF, the formation of the 1,4-PDO intermediate is often considered as the rate-determining step. 4 The thermodynamics of the ring opening hydrogenation depends on the breaking of the C–O bond and the cyclic ester hydrogenation involved in the conversion of GVL to 1,4-PDO, which is endergonic with Δ G 0 = 70 kJ mol −1 at 250 °C derived from thermodynamic calculations; severe reaction conditions such as high temperature and pressure are therefore usually required, although the exothermic nature of the hydrogenation reaction favors it at lower temperatures. 5 The 1,4-PDO intermediate must be further dehydrated to generate 2-MTHF, the dehydration reaction being considered as being close to thermoneutral (Δ H = −3 kJ mol −1 ).…”