Selective separation of elements from complex solution matrix with molecular recognition plus macrocycles attached to a solid-phase: A review

Abstract

Microchemical Journal, 110: 485-493, 2013 The original publication is available at: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.06.006 Abstract Solid-phase extraction (SPE) approach was introduced approximately five decades ago, and until then development of SPE materials is seamlessly continued. Lately, the SPE-based research is increasingly focused in developing more explicit materials to achieve meticulous separation of elements from complex solution matrices with high concentrations of interfering ions. One group of SPE materials includes those with macrocyclic ligands immobilized on a solid-phase, which are capable of selective separation and preconcentration of elements, and such selectivity in metal retention is generally termed as molecular recognition. In the process, the designed 'host' material possesses a high degree of recognition to specific elements or groups of elements called 'guest', and the recognition capability remains effective at the very low concentrations of the 'guest' species or when those present in complex matrices. The routes to the development of element-selective SPEs, the operating principles, applications and limitations are discussed in this review. KeywordsSeparation; element-selectivity; Macrocycles; Solid-phase extraction; Molecular recognition 2 Microchemical Journal, 110: 485-493, 2013 The original publication is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.06.006 IntroductionAlthough metals and metalloids are ubiquitous in nature, the environmental concentrations of both toxic and essential elements have been largely increased mostly pursuant to anthropogenic activities related to the industrial development and improved living standards in modern societies. The growing extent of metal pollution also initiated a number of legislative measures, such as, RoHS or ELV directive has been imposed to specify the limit of trace elements in the industrial products, while the EU directive defined the acceptable concentrations of different elements in cultivable soils.Sensitive analytical techniques such as, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and so forth are available for precise analysis of trace elements in solution. An overall analytical process comprises a number of succeeding steps, including sampling, sample preparation, separation and quantification. Among the aforementioned steps, sample preparation is by far the most important error source in modern analytical method development due to the low species concentration or heterogeneous distribution of the analytes in the matrix as well as the complex nature of the sample matrices. Therefore, a clean-up/separation step is often recommended before the analytical determination of trace elements in effluent or industrial waste waters to avoid the interfering effect from the matrix ions or to facilitate preconcentration due to their low concentrations in samples. The t...

Selective recovery of gold, palladium, or platinum from acidic waste solution

“…The Au, Pd, or Pt remains as chloro-complexes at low solution pHs, i.e., in the acidic matrix [28,29]. Macrocycles can be designed for specific ion separations based on the size, configuration, charge, and so forth [27,30,31]. The differences in the retention behavior of PM-05 towards Au, Pd, or Pt might be attributable to the corresponding variations in the thermochemical radii (radius/nm) of the chloro-complexes of Au (0.288 ± 0.019), Pd (0.313 ± 0.019), and Pt (0.333 ± 0.019) [32].…”

“…PM-06, PM-07, and PM-08) and AnaLig Pd-series (Pd-01 and Pd-02) as supplied by GL Sciences (Tokyo, Japan) were used. The SPE systems described to be equipped with macrocycles attached to the silica-gel base support [26] and claimed to possess selectivity towards a specific ion or group of ions from mixed matrices [27].…”

Immobilization of Fluoride and Heavy-Metals in Polluted Soil

“…Therefore, this method has been widely used as pre-treatment of several instrumental analyses. Various functional materials, such as the ion-exchange resin (Hasegawa et al 2003), chelate resin (Lee et al 2002), silica monolith made by sol-gel method (Seneviratne and Cox 2000), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fiber (Abe et al 2006), a molecule recognition agent from highly selective resin composed of macrocyclic compound, such as crown ether (Rahman et al 2013), have been developed. In the case of the environmental water analysis, solid phase extraction method has been adopted for some substance by Ministry of the Environment, Japan.…”

Investigating the sorption behavior of Cesium and cobalt on soil samples.

“…There are many methods that have been successfully applied in removing different radionuclides from hazardous wastes. These methods include flotation [7], common precipitation [8], liquid-liquid extraction [9], membrane processes [10], electrocoagulation [11], adsorption [12] and solid phase extraction technology [13,14]. The aim of the present work is to explore the sorption capabilities of some soil samples collected from north coast of Egypt at El-Dabaa site towards Cs(I) and Co(II) ions under different experimental conditions.…”