Selective transformation of typical sugars to lactic acid catalyzed by dealuminated ZSM-5 supported erbium

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis of Glucose to Lactic Acid and Lactates: A Review

“…Surprisingly, Er-ZSM-5 achieved 69% LA yield from glucose, for which Xiao et al (2022) speculated that Er replaces the H in the −OH groups in the zeolitic framework, making it an accessible active group (Table 5). 8 On the other hand, inclusion of Er in the framework in the typical Si−O−M form was observed by with Beta zeolites, which have bigger channels than ZSM-5 zeolites, resulting in a 58% LA yield. 124 Topologies with larger rings, such as USY, MOR, MCM-41, SBA-15, BEA, and MWW do have channels large enough to enable good glucose diffusion.…”

“…Among them, rare metal salts have been identified as the most efficient homogeneous catalysts due to their high Lewis acidities, achieving LA yields over 85%. 6 − 8 Such a performance has yet to be achieved in heteregeneous catalytic systems due to leaching of the rare metal species. 9 , 10 Other metal salt combinations that tune the Lewis acidity improve LA yield.…”

“…Biomass monosaccharides such as glucose rapidly degrade under hydrothermal conditions to multiple products, of which LA is produced in small yields. , A large range of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have been tested to convert glucose to LA over the last 20 years. Among them, rare metal salts have been identified as the most efficient homogeneous catalysts due to their high Lewis acidities, achieving LA yields over 85%. − Such a performance has yet to be achieved in heteregeneous catalytic systems due to leaching of the rare metal species. , Other metal salt combinations that tune the Lewis acidity improve LA yield. Hierarchical bimetallic Sn-Beta zeolite is the most promising heterogeneous catalyst due to its pore system and Lewis acidity leading to LA yields over 65%. − Other bifunctionalized aluminosilicates attain LA yields over 60% due to their well-tuned Lewis acidities accelerating the rate-determining retro-aldol decomposition of fructose.…”

Promoted Production of Lactic Acid from Glucose by Calcium Hydroxide in the Presence of Hydrogen

“…Insoluble or slightly soluble metal hydroxide such as Ca(OH) 2 was also adopted for glucose conversion, and showed a promising approach for the production of lactic acid [25] . In addition, some heterogeneous catalysts including copper oxide, zinc oxide and modified beta catalysts were applied for glucose conversion to lactic acid [26–31] . β zeolite modulated by Y or Yb was found to exhibit a good yield of lactic acid with the value of above 45 %.…”

Valorizing natural-abundant glucose to lactic acid using a MOF-808 catalyst under green hydrothermal conditions

“…[13][14][15] Consequently, the catalytic method seems to be a more favorable route for LA production. Various types of catalysts including homogeneous metal-based Lewis acids such as SnCl 2 , 16 SnCl 4 , 17 CrCl 2 , 18 CrCl 3 , 18 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , 18 alkali hydroxides Ba(OH) 2 , 7 and heterogeneous (e.g., metal oxides and zeolites) [19][20][21][22][23][24] catalysts have been investigated for the purpose of producing LA from sugars. However, achieving high-yield LA production from sugars using a catalytic approach remains a challenge due to the complex reaction pathways and the formation of many undesirable byproducts that occur in the reaction systems.…”