Selective transport-recovery of bismuth(III) by a polymer inclusion membrane containing polyvinyl chloride base polymer and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid

Recent Advances in the Selective Transport and Recovery of Metal Ions using Polymer Inclusion Membranes

“…Nevertheless, few recent studies have compared the stability of PIMs to other liquid membranes. A comparison between PVC‐based PIM with D2EHPA and SLMs for the transportation of Bi (III) was conducted by Kazemi et al.. [ 76 ] The PIM exhibited superior stability in comparison with the explored SLMs (PVDF/Cyanex 921 in kerosene and PVDF/Cyanex 301 in 4‐chloroacetophenon). Furthermore, the applied PIM exhibited high selectivity to Bi (III) in comparison with other concomitant metal ions, and this selectivity was not achieved by either SLM.…”

“…Rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry has brought pressure on the demand and supply of lithium resources; thus, massive efforts have been made by PIMs to recover and extract lithium from salt lake brines, which are the largest lithium resource reserves around the world. Cai et al [22] first fabricated CTA-based PIM containing TTA and TOPO as carriers for [71] PVC -Bi (III), [70] Gd (III), Yb (III), and La (III) [10] PVC DAO Zn (II) [39] PVC DOP Cu (II) [ 72,73] PVC 2-NPOE Zn (II), Cu (II) and Mg (II), [74] Cu (II), [75] Bi (III) [76] PVDF-HFP 2-NPOE Sc (III) [77] PVDF-HFP -Zn (II) [78] P227 PVDF -Lu (III) [79] B2EHP PVC DOP/kerosene Cd (II) [80] D2EHAG PVC 2-NPOE Au (III) [81] D2EHAF CTA 2-NPOE Sc (III) [ 26,82] Cyanex 272 PVC 2-NPOE/TBP/1-dodecanol Co (II) [36] LIX84I PVC 2-NPOE Zn (II), Cu (II), and Mg (II), [74] Cu (II) [83] LIX84I SBS -Cu (II), Zn (II), and Cr (VI) [67] Table 3. Example of PIMs with neutral or solvating carriers and their corresponding target metal species.…”

“…Subsequently, a dual PIM system consisting of three chambers with one feed (in the middle) and two receiving phases (on both sides) was also proposed to enhance the transport efficiency of Lu (III) and Bi (III). [76,79] For instance, two receiving phases (2 mol L −1 H 2 SO 4 ) on both sides were combined with the middle feed phase (20 mg L −1 Bi (III) in 0.2 mol L −1 Na 2 SO 4 ) for Bi (III) transport by two identical PIMs (50 wt% D2EHPA and 50 wt% PVC). The investigation demonstrated that the sandwich PIM system had twice the transport efficiency of a single PIM system.…”

“…Furthermore, the potential gradient of the transmembrane coupled-transport ion serves as another driving force for transporting the target metal ion. [76] This coupled transport phenomenon can be classified into cotransport or countertransport depending on the direction of transport of the coupled transport ion relative to the metal ion. [118] In practice, because of the intricate nature of substances involved on both sides of PIM and within the PIM itself, it is practically impossible to differentiate between these two driving forces.…”

Membrane extraction of V(V) by an oleic acid plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)/Aliquat® 336 polymer inclusion membrane

“…22 We have recently involved with the application of a variety of polymer inclusion membranes for the extraction-recovery of V(V), 5,20,23 Cr(VI) 18 and Bi(III). [24][25][26] The PIMs composed of poly(vinylidenefluoride-cohexafluoropropylene)/trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride/2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (PVDF-HFP/ Cyphos ® IL101/NPOE), 20 and poly(vinylidenefluorideco-hexafluoropropylene)/tricaprylmethylammonium chloride/dibutyl phthalate (PVDF-HFP/Aliquat ® 336/DBP) 23 exhibited interesting results for the extraction-separation of V(V). However, using a cost-effective base polymer than PVDF-HFP, on one hand, and a greener plasticizer, on the other hand, convinced us to follow the preparation of a PVCbased PIM containing Aliquat ® 336 as extractant and oleic acid as the green plasticizing agent.…”