Selectively Imaging Single Gold Nanorods by Polarized Light Microscopy with Low Background

Xue-chu, Chen; Cao, Qian; Xu, Ke

doi:10.1007/s11468-015-0011-6

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…To suppress background scattering, cross-polarization [30][31][32] has been highly effective at providing high-contrast imaging of plasmonic nanoprobes. In cross-polarization, a polarizer is placed in the illumination path creating linearly polarized illumination, followed by the sample specimen labeled with anisotropic plasmonic nanoprobes, and subsequently followed by another polarizer placed in the detection path aligned orthogonally with respect to the other polarizer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Depolarization‐Free Nanoscopic Background Elimination of Cellular Metallic Nanoprobes

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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The crowded intracellular environment of biomolecules, including organelles, solutes, proteins, and membranes, presents distinct biomolecular dynamics crucial for the functions of biomolecules within living cells. However, background suppression is critical to uncover nanoscale dynamics in living cells. Herein, a new method for enabling rapid, nanoscale background elimination of cellular metallic nanoprobes is presented. By employing integrated nanoscopic correction (iNC) designed to eliminate depolarization effects, which compromise background elimination, a real‐time algorithm to subtract and increment orthogonal pairs of polarizations for real‐time nanoscale background elimination is introduced. The ability to analyze orthogonal pairs at high speed over the entire polarization range is currently difficult to achieve using conventional methods. By processing orthogonal pairs in real time, this method minimizes movement artifacts during the background elimination process. Nanometer spatial stability which enables two orders of magnitude increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio of cellular metallic nanoprobes is shown. Nanoscale background elimination aiding the ability to accurately track biomolecules and their dynamics in living cells is anticipated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Depolarization‐Free Nanoscopic Background Elimination of Cellular Metallic Nanoprobes

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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“…Jacobson [15] has shown that AuNPs can be readily distinguished from background scatterers by using interferometric method and the wavelength dependence of plasmon resonances. Kimura et al [16] employed AFM to visualize subsurface AuNPs buried in a soft polymer matrix with a depth of 1 μm, and in a recent research, Chen et al [17] used polarized light for imaging single gold nanorods with improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Mode Atomic Force Microscopy and Interferometric Scattering Imaging of Single Au@Fe3O4 Nanoshell Synthesized for Biomedical Applications

Khosroshahi¹,

Ghazanfari²,

Hasannejad³

2017

Nano Res Appl

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Imaging based on interferometric scattering (iSCAT) enhances the accuracy and temporal resolution in comparison to single-emitter-based techniques. In this research, we describe a combined method, which measures the size of individual magneto plasmonic Nano shells (MPNSs). The maghemite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles (SPIONs) with core diameter of 9.5 nm ± 1.4 nm is prepared by co-precipitation and coated by gold. The final dimension of polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP) stabilized MPNSs are 15.8 nm ± 3.5 nm measured by TEM. UV-Vis spectrophotometer and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to study the optical and magnetization properties. The size of these nanoshells is determined independently by correlating their iSCAT and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. By analyzing the number of single MPNSs, an interference intensity distribution is obtained with a nominal diameter of 15.8 nm in agreement with the size distribution recorded by TEM. It seems, the combination of iScat and AFM is capable of producing high resolution images of individual nanoparticles.

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“…Due to the asymmetric illumination of dark field microscopy, non-spherical GNR can enhance this contrast more than their spherical counterparts [14]. Their shape can also allow for visualization using cross-polarized microscopy [15]. Due to the light-scattering properties of GNR and their ability to specifically target cellular receptors [16], we believe that GNR conjugated with target specific proteins can be used to evaluate biomarker levels in a method similar to IHC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peptide nanoconjugates for tissue diagnostics and molecular imaging

Caldwell¹

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The rise of targeted therapy in cancer treatment has created a strong need for characterization of a patient's tumor before receiving treatment. Many effective cancer drugs are now being targeted to specific proteins present in the tumor, thus only patients who have tumors that express these proteins in appreciable amounts will respond to these kinds of therapy. The most popular method of diagnosing patients is through the practice of immunohistochemistry (IHC), where biopsied patient tissue is subjected to testing for specific protein expression. IHC works by incubating a primary antibody towards the target protein, followed by detection with a secondary antibody containing a reactive enzyme - most commonly, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). IHC procedures are expensive, comprises several steps, involves varying amounts of amplification due to enzyme reactivity, and is only as specific as the primary antibody. Patients receiving treatment using popular drugs targeted at common proteins such as EGFR, c-MET, and PD-L1 have shown varying degrees of responses based on initial IHC diagnosis, even when using FDA-approved diagnostic kits. Due to the discrepancies seen between diagnosis and drug efficacy, we have developed new methods utilizing gold nanoparticles that utilize peptides to target protein biomarkers in human tissues. Peptides which are targeted towards receptors contain only the amino acid sequences which are sufficient for protein binding. Due to their tailored specificity, low cost, scalable production, and ease of modification, peptides can be an attractive method of investigating protein content in human tissues. We investigated the use of peptides combined with imaging agents as diagnostic methods to compare with standard immunohistochemistry procedures. Gold nanorods (GNR) scatter light efficiently in the dark field, and their high surface-area-to-volume ratio allows each nanorod to be coated with many targeting peptides, enhancing specificity of each nanoparticle for the receptor of interest. We first investigated attachment of peptides to GNR that can be used to diagnose common biomarkers EGFR and cMET in tumor tissues. EGFR is one of the most commonly overexpressed proteins in human cancers, and many EGFR-targeted drugs have shown improvement of progression-free survival in patients. During the course of EGFR-targeted treatment it is common that a patient will eventually develop resistance to the EGFR-targeted drugs. One such mechanism is the circumventing of EGFR pathway through upregulation of the c-MET protein on the tumor surface. Once EGFR is internalized and c-MET is the dominant pathway, patients will stop responding to EGFR-targeted drug and the tumor will continue proliferation. There are numerous c-MET drugs on the market for second or third line therapy when resistance occurs with this mechanism, however diagnosis of the c-MET biomarker has become controversial due to poor diagnostic results using the current standard IHC methods. We thus followed up our EGFR diagnostic study by investigating the c-MET protein using the same GNR platform with a cMET-targeted peptide. The GNR-based histochemistry platform shows specificity for the targeted receptors in tumor cell lines and patient tissues, and is able to detect a range of protein expression, rather than relying on binary pathology grades of 1+,2+, or 3+ expression. EGFR and c-MET are two popular biomarkers targeted by pharmaceuticals, and have seen recent success when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The current surge in immuno-oncology has shown excellent response of patients to drugs that inhibit common immune checkpoints such as the interaction between immune receptor Programmed Death 1 (PD-1), expressed on immune cells, and its ligand, PD-L1, expressed on tumor cells. The binding of PD-1 on T cells to PD-L1 on tumor cells will stop the T cells from destroying the tumor. Inhibition of immune checkpoints restore lost host immune function by allowing T-cells to recognize tumor cells as foreign. As with EGFR and c-MET, there has been much debate over whether current methods of diagnosing PD-L1 levels in patients are sufficient due to patient responses varying with respect to the diagnostic recommendation. We extended our peptidebased diagnostic method to investigate PD-L1 by analyzing the crystal structures of PD-L1 and PD-1 and synthesizing a peptide that is specific for the binding region of PD-L1. Using this sequence, we combined our PD-L1 peptide with a biotin molecule, to allow for conventional IHC, and a Cy5 fluorophore to conduct fluorescent investigations of PD-L1 levels in patient tumor tissues. When compared head-to-head with the current FDA-approved PD-L1 diagnostic standard, the peptide-based method shows high specificity for tumors in patient tissues that the FDA-approved diagnostic kits fail to recognize. Due to these results, we believe that peptide-based histochemistry can be used as a specific, cheap alternative to conventional antibody-based IHC.

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Selectively Imaging Single Gold Nanorods by Polarized Light Microscopy with Low Background

Cited by 4 publications

References 38 publications

Rapid Depolarization‐Free Nanoscopic Background Elimination of Cellular Metallic Nanoprobes

Rapid Depolarization‐Free Nanoscopic Background Elimination of Cellular Metallic Nanoprobes

Dual Mode Atomic Force Microscopy and Interferometric Scattering Imaging of Single Au@Fe3O4 Nanoshell Synthesized for Biomedical Applications

Peptide nanoconjugates for tissue diagnostics and molecular imaging

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