Selectivity Tuning by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Cytinus hypocistis—Studies of Antioxidative, Enzyme-Inhibitive Properties and LC-MS Profiles

Abstract

In the present study, the extracts of Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L using both traditional solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were investigated in terms of their total polyphenolic contents and antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitive properties. The extracts were found to possess total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the ranges of 26.47–186.13 mg GAE/g and 0.68–12.55 mg RE/g, respectively. Higher total phenolic contents were obtained for NADES extracts. Compositional differences were reported in relation to antioxidant potential studied by several assays (DPPH: 70.19–939.35 mg TE/g, ABTS: 172.56–4026.50 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 97.41–1730.38 mg TE/g, FRAP: 84.11–1534.85 mg TE/g). Application of NADESs (choline chloride—urea 1:2, a so-called Reline) allowed one to obtain the highest number of extracts having antioxidant potential in the radical scavenging and reducing assays. NADES-B (protonated by HCl L-proline-xylitol 5:1) was the only extractant from the studied solvents that isolated a specific fraction without chelating activity. Reline extract exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibition compared to NADES-B and NADES-C (protonated by H2SO4 L-proline-xylitol 5:1) extracts, which showed no inhibition. The NADES extracts were observed to have higher tyrosinase inhibitory properties compared to extracts obtained by traditional organic solvents. Furthermore, the NADES extracts were relatively better inhibitors of the diabetic enzymes. These findings provided an interesting comparison in terms of total polyphenolic content yields, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties (cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, and tyrosinase) between traditional solvent extracts and NADES extracts, used as an alternative. While the organic solvents showed better antioxidant activity, the NADES extracts were found to have some other improved properties, such as higher total phenolic content and enzyme-inhibiting properties, suggesting functional prospects for their use in phytonutrient extraction and fractionation. The obtained results could also be used to give a broad overview of the different biological potentials of C. hypocistis.

Extraction of Functional Compounds from Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) by Deep Eutectic Solvents at Different Properties

“…When comparing conventional and DESs for TPC, the highest content from DES extracts (in DES 6) was 67 %, 75 %, and 182 % higher, respectively, compared to the values obtained from ethanol, methanol, and water extract. Similarly, in a study published by Zengin et al., [43] the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Cytinus hypocistis (L.) extracts were determined using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADESs). The researchers compared the results obtained with NADESs with the results of different conventional solvents such as hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water.…”

A Comprehensive Analysis of Diversity, Structure, Biosynthesis and Extraction of Biologically Active Tannins from Various Plant-Based Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…Their results showed that the applied DES was much more effective in tannic acid extraction than methanol when the same parameters were applied (641.16 µ/g vs. 368.99 µg/g) [ 206 ]. Further optimization led to even higher tannic acid yield [ 207 ]. Most of the previously mentioned research has investigated different types of DESs in the extraction of desired compounds, while here, the authors used one type of DES, changing only the component ratio.…”

“…Yellow cytinus ( Cytinus hypocistis L.) is a plant used in traditional medicine, due to its potential health benefits. In traditional medicine, it is used for dysentery treatment, to reduce inflammation, and for healing scars, and it is known for its high content of tannins [ 207 ]. Zengin et al compared different solvents, both conventional (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) and NADESs (choline chloride:urea, L-proline:xylitol protonated with HCl, and L-proline:xylitol protonated with H 2 SO 4 ) for extraction of bioactive compounds from Cytinus hypocistis (L.).…”

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES): translating cell biology to processing

“…Poorly water-soluble compounds can be extracted from plant biomass in high concentrations and afterwards separated from the (Na)DES by addition of water and subsequent compound precipitation. Thus, (Na)DES, alone or in combination with other methods, can be used to extract various compounds like polyphenols, 47–51 pigments, 52 enzymes 53 and carbohydtrates. 50 Their high solubilizing capacity can be exploited to overcome limited substrate solubility in enzymatic reactions 54 as well as for separation techniques.…”