“…Depending on the material group [3], device structure [4,5], and defect status [6,7], various switching behaviors can be observed. The switching mechanisms are typically classified as either a valence change effect [8], a thermochemical effect [2,9], or an electrochemical effect [10,11], whereby distinct surface effects can be attributed to various mechanisms [12,13]. Ke et al proposed that the oxygen concentration influences the redox reaction in ZnO resistive switching [12], and Tsuruoka et al suggested that H 2 O vapor plays as an essential role in the redox reaction of an electrochemical Cu/SiO 2 /Pt device [13,14].…”