Self‐acidity induced effervescence and manual shaking‐assisted microextraction of neonicotinoid insecticides in orange juice

Abstract

A novel dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction that combines self‐induced acid‐base effervescent reaction and manual shaking, coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous determination of ten neonicotinoid insecticides and metabolites in orange juice. An innovative aspect of this method was the utilization of the acidity of the juice for a self‐reaction between acidic components contained in the juice sample and added sodium carbonate which generated carbon dioxide bubbles in situ, accelerating the analytes transfer to the extractant of 1‐undecanol. The total acid content of juice sample was measured to produce the maximum amount of bubbles with minimum usage of carbonate. Manual shaking was subsequently adopted and was proven to enhance the extraction efficiency. The factors affecting the performance, including the type and the amount of the carbon dioxide source and extractant, and ionic strength were optimized. Compared with conventional methods, this approach exhibited low limits of detection (0.001–0.1 µg/L), good recoveries (86.2–103.6%), high enrichment factors (25–50), and negligible matrix effects (−12.3–13.7%). The proposed method was demonstrated to provide a rapid, practical, and environmentally friendly procedure due to no acid reagent, toxic solvent, or external energy requirement, giving rise to potential application on other high acid‐content matrices.

CO2-Effervescence in Liquid Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Micropollutants in Environmental Water: a Review

“…The ratio of carbon source to the proton donor in CO 2 -effervescence was reported to have an impact on the formation of microbubbles. Effervescence reactions appear to be stable on the basis of a stoichiometric molar ratio of 1 : 1 or 2 : 1 [30,31]. One molecule of acid salt may be used for one or two protons to react with the carbon dioxide source [12].…”

Effervescence-Assisted Microextraction—One Decade of Developments

“…The own acidity of the sample (e.g., vinegar, fruit juice) can be exploited to simplify the extraction [52,53] since it is not necessary to include the H-donor in the effervescence mixture formulation. The carbon dioxide source can be added to the sample after the solvent addition [52] or the sample can be added to the tube where the carbonate and the solvent have been previously located [53]. Additionally, the H-donor can play a double role.…”

Effervescent tablet-assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based on-site dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography for the determination of pyrethroid pesticides in environmental waters

“…In recent years, an auxiliary dispersion method that does not require a dispersant has been developed, which enriches the DLLME technique. Specific dispersion techniques include manual shaking [12], vortex [13], ultrasound [14], microwave [15], and so on. Manual shaking is gradually replaced by other methods because of poor reproducibility, and several other methods require the use of instruments for operation, which is difficult to perform on site.…”