The growth of Fe nanoclusters on the Ge(001) surface has been studied using lowtemperature scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. STM results indicate that Fe nucleates on the Ge(001) surface, forming wellordered nanoclusters of uniform size. Depending on the preparation conditions, two types of nanoclusters were observed having either four or sixteen Fe atoms within a nanocluster. The results were confirmed by DFT calculations. Annealing the nanoclusters at 420 K leads to the formation of nanorow structures, due to cluster mobility at such temperature. The Fe nanoclusters and nanorow structures formed on the Ge(001) surface show a superparamagnetic behaviour as measured by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism.
IntroductionThe self-assembly of atoms or molecules into ordered surface-supported nanostructures is one of the key topics in solid state physics and surface science [1-9]. One major reason for this attention is the prospect of controlling atomic scale structures on surfaces, which can lead to mass fabrication of usable systems and novel devices. A promising approach towards the control of self-assembly is the use of preformed surface templates onto which particular nanostructures can be arranged in a well-ordered fashion [10][11][12]. Semiconductor surfaces such as the Ge(001)-(2×1) reconstructed surface are suitable templates for the growth of wellordered, uniformly-sized metal nanoclusters [13,14]. Their size, shape, and the spacing between clusters are dictated by the substrate. Such metal-nanocluster -semiconductor systems can be considered to be examples of low-dimensional dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS), as the interaction between transition metal clusters takes place via the semiconducting substrate [15]. Furthermore, the layout of clusters on the surface into a regular exposed system allows for good control of the separation between clusters, which cannot be achieved in most DMS three-dimensional systems.DMS are promising materials for use in many technological applications and their study is important for future developments in nanotechnology as well as from the fundamental point of view. Such systems have attracted much attention recently since they can be utilized as essential building blocks in the field of spin-dependent electronic (spintronic) devices, providing a link between magnetism and semiconductor technologies [16][17][18][19]. The incorporation of ferromagnetic elements into semiconductor devices may lead