The structural differences between the aerobic reaction products of Rh 2 (AcO) 4 (1; AcO À = CH 3 COO À ) with thiols and thiolates in non-aqueous media are probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. For this study, ethanethiol, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA; a dithiol) and their sodium thiolate salts were used. Coordination of simple thiols to the axial positions of Rh 2 (AcO) 4 with Rh-SH bonds of 2.5-2.6 Å keeps the Rh II -Rh II bond intact (2.41 AE 0.02 Å ) but leads to a colour change from emerald green to burgundy. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were performed to explain the observed shifts in the electronic (UV-vis) absorption spectra. The corresponding sodium thiolates, however, break up the Rh 2 (AcO) 4 framework in the presence of O 2 to form an oligomeric chain of triply S-bridged Rh(III) ions, each with six Rh-S (2.36 AE 0.02 Å ) bonds. The Rh III Á Á ÁRh III distance, 3.18 AE 0.02 Å , in the chain is similar to that previously found for the aerobic reaction product from aqueous solutions of Rh 2 (AcO) 4 and glutathione (H 3 A), {Na 2 [Rh 2 III -(HA) 4 ]Á7H 2 O} n , in which each Rh(III) ion is surrounded by about four Rh-S (2.33 AE 0.02 Å ) and about two Rh-O (2.08 AE 0.02 Å ). The reaction products obtained in this study can be used to predict how dirhodium(II) tetracarboxylates would react with cysteine-rich proteins and peptides, such as metallothioneins.