“…However, electrodes made from LTO without any materials modifications usually show poor rate performance, which mainly results from the poor electronic conductivity [6]. To enhance the electronic conductivity of this material, three methods were mainly proposed, including synthesis of nanosized particles [7][8][9][10][11], deposition of metal powder or carbon on LTO particle surface [12][13][14][15][16], substituting Li or Ti by doping it with metal ions (such as AI 3+ [6], Ag + [17], Na + [18], Mg 2+ [19], V 5+ [19,20], Zr 4+ [21], Ni 2+ [22], Nb 5+ [23], La 3+ [24] and Ru 4+ [25][26][27]). Doping can have a direct impact on the structure and stability of LTO during lithium intercalation and deintercalation.…”