“…( a ) Schematic representation of the 3D architecture of a tumor spheroid. Modified from Sant and Johnston 2017 [126]; ( b ) Fabrication of spheroids by the following scaffold-free methods: (i) hanging drop [122,127,128,129], (ii) liquid-overlay method [130,131,132,133,134,135,136], and (iii) force-driven method [129,132,137,138,139,140,141]; ( c ) Fabrication of spheroids by the following scaffold-based methods: (i) spheroids with a matrix-on top and embedded in a matrix [133,134,135], (ii) spheroids encapsulated within a molded matrix [142,143,144], and (iii) spheroids formed by suspending cancer cells within a liquid matrix and applying microfluidic-based strategies to form spheroids in droplets [119,145,146,147,148].…”