Self-cleaning beach gallery design for seawater desalination plants

Maliva, Robert G.; Missimer, Thomas M.

doi:10.5004/dwt.2010.1053

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Hydraulic conductivity is related to the grain‐size distribution (sorting), the effective porosity, grain shape, and packing in sediments. It has become increasingly important to be able to accurately estimate the hydraulic conductivity of unlithified sediments to allow predesign screening of marine and terrestrial sediment types in the engineering design of natural filtration projects, such as bank filtration, rapid infiltration basins, aquifer recharge and recovery systems, seabed and beach galleries used for intakes to desalination plants, and for various other hydrogeologic investigations (Maliva and Missimer , ; Missimer ; Sesler and Missimer in press). Also, soil columns used to assess the removal of pathogens, algae, and trace organic contaminants need to be characterized to assure that similar hydraulic properties are being used in laboratory experiments and field tests (Lewis and Sjöstrom ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain‐Size Distribution for Different Depositional Environments

et al. 2013

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Over 400 unlithified sediment samples were collected from four different depositional environments in global locations and the grain-size distribution, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity were measured using standard methods. The measured hydraulic conductivity values were then compared to values calculated using 20 different empirical equations (e.g., Hazen, Carman-Kozeny) commonly used to estimate hydraulic conductivity from grain-size distribution. It was found that most of the hydraulic conductivity values estimated from the empirical equations correlated very poorly to the measured hydraulic conductivity values with errors ranging to over 500%. To improve the empirical estimation methodology, the samples were grouped by depositional environment and subdivided into subgroups based on lithology and mud percentage. The empirical methods were then analyzed to assess which methods best estimated the measured values. Modifications of the empirical equations, including changes to special coefficients and addition of offsets, were made to produce modified equations that considerably improve the hydraulic conductivity estimates from grain size data for beach, dune, offshore marine, and river sediments. Estimated hydraulic conductivity errors were reduced to 6 to 7.1 m/day for the beach subgroups, 3.4 to 7.1 m/day for dune subgroups, and 2.2 to 11 m/day for offshore sediments subgroups. Improvements were made for river environments, but still produced high errors between 13 and 23 m/day.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain‐Size Distribution for Different Depositional Environments

et al. 2013

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“…The construction of such an intake is challenging since the intertidal zone lies at a great distance from the shoreline. A high-energy wave action is highly required in the operation of beach gallery as it is the key for filter cleaning [17,18]. The risk of hardground cementation is also a challenge to maintenance of favorable hydraulic characteristics of the top filter layer.…”

Section: General Site Feasibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical feasibility of a seabed gallery seawater intake at Ras Abu Ali Island, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Rachman

Missimer

2014

Desalination and Water Treatment

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Open-ocean intake systems require extensive and advanced pretreatment unit operation to produce feed water with low membrane fouling potential in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) facilities. Alternatively, subsurface intake systems tend to produce high quality raw seawater even before pretreatment. Subsurface intakes extract seawater indirectly through the geological structure of shoreline or nearshore sediments. Water percolation through geological units provides physical and biological treatment, so that the raw seawater is microbiologically stable with relatively low particulate and organics content. Overall, utilization of subsurface intakes will reduce the intensity of pretreatment, which reduces operating cost, lowers chemical and energy consumption, and reduces environmental impacts. An important aspect in the feasibility of a subsurface intake is the compatibility of the local geological environment. In this study, a field investigation was conducted at Ras Abu Ali Island in the Arabian Gulf. This location currently contains an of existing oil company facilities and a proposed governmental marine fish hatchery facility. Recreational, commercial, and domestic potable water uses require the need to use the SWRO process to meet demands. Characterization of the shoreline and marine offshore bottom were performed as well as observation of tidal fluctuations and wave heights. A specific grid area was chosen where 35 sediment samples were collected from the seabed floor for laboratory analysis of grain size distribution, sediment porosity, and hydraulic conductivity. Onsite observation showed that the marine bottom has a low slope creating a wide intertidal area. The lowest tidal zone is more than 150 m from the shoreline defining a far seaward boundary for the intake construction point. A relatively thin layer of mixed-type sediment (carbonate and siliciclastic) covers the marine hardground bottom. The unlithified bottom sediment contains a low mud percentage (less than 1%) with porosity ranging between 0.29 and 0.41 and hydraulic conductivities up to 22.5 m 3 /d. It was determined that seabed gallery development is suitable at this location. Preliminary design for a seabed gallery filter was developed using a series of cells. Each gallery cell represents a unit that can be simply duplicated to meet the overall intake capacity requirement. Each gallery cell is designed to have minimum 8 m/d infiltration rate through five layers of engineered sand and gravel. The total thickness of the filter bed is 4.5 m (2 m top layer). The dimensions of the proposed cells are 100 × 30 m and each cell will conservatively provide 24,000 m 3 /d of filtered water. The design is flexible to meet the required capacity. For example, a SWRO desalination plant which produces 54,000 m 3 /d product water from 38,000 mg/L salinity seawater at a 45% conversion rate will require a minimum of 6 cells using the preliminary design.

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“…Gallery intake systems have the potential to supply raw seawater to large-capacity SWRO facilities (Dehwah et al, 2014). There are two types of gallery intake systems, which are beach galleries that are constructed beneath the intertidal part of the beach (Maliva and Missimer, 2010) and seabed galleries which are constructed in offshore subtidal areas (Missimer, 2009;Missimer et al, 2015). There are no large-capacity beach gallery intake systems being used to supply an SWRO facility and only one large-scale operational SWRO plant using a seabed M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 4 gallery.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seabed gallery intakes: Investigation of the water pretreatment effectiveness of the active layer using a long-term column experiment

Dehwah

Missimer

2017

Water Research

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Seabed gallery intake systems used for seawater reverse osmosis facilities employ the same principle of water treatment as slow sand filtration in freshwater systems. An investigation concerning the effectiveness of the active layer (top layer) in improving raw water quality was conducted by using a long-term bench-scale columns experiment. Two different media types, silica and carbonate sand, were tested in 1 m columns to evaluate the effectiveness of media type in terms of algae, bacteria, Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) removal over a period of 620 days. Nearly all algae in the silica sand column, 87% (σ = 0.04) of the bacteria, 59% (σ = 0.11) of the biopolymer fraction of NOM, 59% (σ = 0.16) of particulate and 32% (σ = 0.25) of colloidal TEP were removed during the last 330 days of the experiment. Total removal was observed in the carbonate sand column for algal concentration, while the bacterial removal was lower at 74% (σ = 0.08). Removal of biopolymers, particulate and colloidal TEP were higher in the carbonate column during the last 330 days with 72% (σ = 0.15), 66% (σ = 0.08) and 36% (σ = 0.12) removed for these organics respectively. Removal of these key organics through the 1 m thick column, representing the active layer, will likely reduce the rate of biofouling, reduce chemical usage and minimize operating cost in SWRO systems. The data show that the media will require several months at the beginning of operation to reach equilibrium so that high organic removal rates can be achieved. No development of a "schmutzdecke" layer occurred. The experimental results suggest that unlike freshwater slow sand filtration wherein most water treatment occurs in the upper 10 cm, in seawater systems treatment occurs throughout the full active layer depth of 1 m. The results of this study will help in designing and operating seabed gallery intake systems in varied geological conditions.

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Self-cleaning beach gallery design for seawater desalination plants

Abstract: To cite this article: Robert G. Maliva & Thomas M. Missimer (2010) Self-cleaning beach gallery design for seawater desalination plants, Desalination and Water Treatment,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] To link to this article: http://dx.

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain‐Size Distribution for Different Depositional Environments

Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain‐Size Distribution for Different Depositional Environments

Technical feasibility of a seabed gallery seawater intake at Ras Abu Ali Island, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Seabed gallery intakes: Investigation of the water pretreatment effectiveness of the active layer using a long-term column experiment

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