“…While there has been a fair amount of empirical investigation of self-directed learning, the research that bears on self-directed learning as a personality trait has been somewhat piecemeal and fragmented. To illustrate, self-directed learning readiness (which includes initiative in learning, acceptance of responsibility for one's own learning, and seeing one's self as an effective independent learner) has been found to be positively related to creative achievements (Torrance & Mourad, 1978); self-concept and years of education (Sabbaghian, 1980); student participation in learning projects (Hassan, 1982); internal locus of control (Skaggs, 1981;Gardner & Helmes, 1999); life satisfaction of elderly individuals (Gardner & Helmes, 1999) and older adults (Curry, 1983); lower levels of dogmatism (Long & Agyekum, 1983); end of year grades of nursing students (Crook, 1985) occupational categories (Durr, Guglielmino, & Guglielmino, 1996); affective organizational commitment (Cho & Kwon, 2005); and intrinsic learning motivation (Reynolds, 1986). Also, a few studies have examined the validity of Oddi's (1984Oddi's ( , 1985Oddi's ( , 1986 Continuing Learning Inventory (CLI)-which includes proactive drive to learn without obvious external reinforcement and commitment to learning for its own sake-with non-definitive results.…”