Self-efficacy to Engage in Physical Activity and Overcome Barriers, Sedentary Behavior, and Their Relation to Body Mass Index Among Elderly Indonesians With Diabetes

Abstract

Objectives Elderly individuals with diabetes should maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) to help control their blood glucose levels. This study investigated barriers to physical activity (PA), self-efficacy to overcome those barriers, and PA self-efficacy among elderly individuals with diabetes in relation to BMI. Methods This cross-sectional study included 56 participants. Data were collected by a questionnaire interview and direct measurements for anthropometric data. PA self-efficacy was measured using 8 questions describing different levels of PA, where participants rated the strength of their belief that they could engage in that activity. Self-efficacy to overcome barriers was measured using 10 questions capturing participants’ confidence in their ability to engage in PA despite different possible barriers. Mean scores for these parameters were analyzed using the chi-square test and the independent t -test. Results In total, 89.3% of participants had a low PA level and 58.9% had more than 3 hours of sedentary activity per day. Furthermore, 55.4% were obese and 14.3% were overweight. The mean scores for PA self-efficacy and self-efficacy to overcome barriers were 59.1± 26.4 and 52.5±13.8, respectively. PA level was related to BMI ( p <0.001; r =0.116) and sedentary activity ( p <0.05; r =0.274). PA self-efficacy and age were not related to BMI. Barriers to PA were associated with PA levels ( p <0.05). Conclusions Physical inactivity was a major problem in elderly individuals with diabetes, and was correlated with higher BMI. Lower levels of PA might be mediated by sedentary activity.

The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy

“…The results of this study indicated that exercise self-efficacy has a significant positive predictive effect on adolescent PA, which is consistent with previous study findings [49,50]. Adolescents with better exercise self-efficacy participate in a higher level of PA. One previous study on the PA and exercise self-efficacy in 483 Spanish adolescents found a strong correlation between adolescent PA and self-efficacy [51]; in addition, Wing et al reported that self-efficacy was positively correlated with PA participation, in and out of school time, among 595 adolescents [52].…”

Self-efficacy in physical activity and glycemic control among older adults with diabetes in Jagir Subdistrict, Surabaya, Indonesia

“…This study involved secondary analysis of data previously collected for the purpose of measuring self-efficacy and overcome barriers to engage in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and their relation to body mass index among elderly Indonesians with diabetes ( Rachmah et al, 2019 ). This study expanded the analysis of previously published study ( Rachmah et al, 2019 ) and focused its analysis on the association between self-efficacy in physical activity and glycemic control among older adults with diabetes in Jagir Subdistrict, Surabaya, Indonesia. This study used quantitative approach with cross sectional study design.…”

“…Assuming that diabetes prevalence in Indonesia was 2.5% ( Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, 2013 ), the minimum sample size calculated based on Charan and Biswas equation ( Charan and Biswas, 2013 ) was 38 persons. While using sample size calculation for difference in 2 independent proportions, and the minimum sample size required was 50 ( Rachmah et al, 2019 ). A larger sample size (N = 60) was recruited in order to achieve study power of 1.0.…”

The Influence of Physical Education on Self-Efficacy in Overweight Schoolgirls: A 12-Week Training Program

“…Several studies have frequently documented that fatness and a higher body mass index (BMI) appear to be associated with lower self-efficacy ( Bagherniya et al, 2018 ; Rachmah et al, 2019 ; Schmidt and Pichler, 2020 ) in adolescents, especially in girls and that physical activity has the potential to stimulate positive behavior changes in this age group ( Kumar et al, 2015 ; D’Elia et al, 2020 ). Self-efficacy is defined as the belief that one has the ability to successfully engage in a specific behavior, and it is an important predictor of weight control and eating habits ( Bandura, 1997 ; Hopkins and Bennett, 2018 ).…”