Self-Esteem and Psychiatric Features of Turkish Adolescents with Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures: A Comparative Study with Epilepsy and Healthy Control Groups

Abstract

It could be concluded that both disorders involved a high risk for developing psychiatric disorders; additionally, adolescents with PNES have higher rates of stressors and lower levels of self-esteem. Findings from this investigation point to the importance of psychiatric interventions in pediatric PNES and also epilepsy.

Semiological and psychiatric characteristics of children with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Gender-related differences

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting ADHD (61%) and disruptive behavior disorders (33%) as the most frequent psychiatric disorders in boys with PNES. Similarly, a previous study reported ADHD (29.4%) and depression (26.4%) as the two most common diagnoses in juvenile age PNES [19]. There is evidence for female predominance in depression and male predominance in ADHD in the general population [20,21].…”

Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional neurological) disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies

“…Thirty-one studies included adult subjects (mean age 37.1 yrs, range 18-77yrs) [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][44][45][46][48][49][50][51][52][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] , whereas the remaining three studies came from a paediatric setting (mean age 13.7 yrs, range 9-18 yrs) 43,47,53 . In both the cases and control samples, most subjects were female (79.7% cases vs 72.2% controls).…”

“…In both the cases and control samples, most subjects were female (79.7% cases vs 72.2% controls). In 25 out of 34 studies the patients were recruited from a neurology setting 27,[29][30][31][32]34,35,[37][38][39][40][41][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]52,55,57,58,60 , eight came from psychiatry 28,33,36,42,51,53,54,56 and one study came from a mixed setting 59 . Eighteen studies out of 34 compared the functional patient group with a neurological disease control group 27,29,30,32,34,35,[37][38][39][40][44][45][46]48,[50]…”

“…Eighteen studies out of 34 compared the functional patient group with a neurological disease control group 27,29,30,32,34,35,[37][38][39][40][44][45][46]48,[50][51][52]58 , mainly with epilepsy; seven studies with healthy controls 28,31,42,43,53,55,60 and two studies with other psychiatric disorders control group 36,54 . In the remaining seven studies, data were presented deriving from a comparison with two control groups concurrently (most times including a healthy and a neurological control group) 33,41,47,49,56,57,59 .…”

“…Fourteen studies reported whether stressors had taken place at any moment in life [30][31][32][33]35,36,38,39,41,48,51,56,59,60 . Two studies specifically reported on stressors in adulthood 49,52 , while eleven studies reported on those having occurred during childhood [27][28][29]37,40,[42][43][44]47,53,58 . Seven studies presented separate rates for stressors occurred during childhood and for those occurred during lifetime or adulthood 34,45,46,50,54,55,57 .…”