“…On the one hand, a positive relationship between L2 selfesteem and L2 achievement (Alrabai, 2017;Asakereh and Yousofi, 2018), exposure to L2 and self-assessment of L2 skills, including speaking skills (Habrat, 2018), fluency (Koosha, Ketabi, and Kassaian, 2011) and proficiency level (Souresjani and Naseri, 2011) has been confirmed. On the other hand, no significant correlation has been found between self-esteem and pronunciation, comprehensibility (Koosha, Ketabi, and Kassaian, 2011), and oral achievement (Mekni Toujani and Hermessi, 2019). Generally, low level of L2 self-esteem has been associated with lower risk-taking behaviour, higher anxiety and impaired communication skills (Branden, 1995;Habrat, 2018;Mercer, 2011;Rubio-Alcalá, 2017).…”