Self-Evaluation Processes

Taylor, Shelley E.; Neter, Ephraim; Wayment, Heidi A.

doi:10.1177/01461672952112005

Cited by 244 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Taylor et al (1995) found that evaluations of the past primarily serve purposes of selfenhancement and self-assessment and that evaluations of the future predominantly support the quest for self-improvement. For selfenhancement and self-improvement to be adaptive, they should both follow the rule of the optimal margin of illusion to be functional (e.g., Baumeister, 1989;Staudinger & Pasupathi, 2000).…”

Section: Diachronicity Across the Life Spanmentioning

confidence: 96%

Looking back and looking ahead: Adult age differences in consistency of diachronous ratings of subjective well-being.

Staudinger¹,

Bluck²,

Herzberg³

2003

Psychology and Aging

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The goal of this study is to investigate the consistency of diachronous ratings of subjective well-being (SWB). A heterogeneous sample (25-74-year-olds; N ϭ 3,596) provided ratings of their present SWB, reconstructed their SWB of 10 years ago, and anticipated their SWB 10 years from now. Developmental tasks and self-evaluative principles were used to predict age differences in diachronous consistency. As predicted, in young adulthood, past SWB was rated lower and future SWB higher than present SWB. In contrast, in later adulthood, the past was rated higher and the future lower than present SWB. Analyses of rank-order consistency demonstrated that in later adulthood both future and past SWB were more strongly related to present SWB than in young adulthood. Results show how models of self-evaluation play out at different points in the life span.

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Section: Diachronicity Across the Life Spanmentioning

confidence: 96%

Looking back and looking ahead: Adult age differences in consistency of diachronous ratings of subjective well-being.

Staudinger¹,

Bluck²,

Herzberg³

2003

Psychology and Aging

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“…Social comparisons may thus be used to generate information, which serve the assessment and verification of one's abilities, the enhancement and maintenance of a positive sense of the self, as well as the improvement of specific skills. Taylor et al (1995) also point out that more than one self-evaluative motive may be present in a given situation exerting an influence on information processing underlying comparison activity.…”

Section: Motives Directions and Effects Of Social Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Taylor 1983;Taylor et al 1995; for an overview see Buunk and Gibbons 2007). Taylor et al (1995) assume four motives directing selfevaluation by social comparisons: Self-assessment serving the need to obtain accurate information about oneself when no objective standards are available, which is in line with the motive already postulated by Festinger; self-enhancement as the motive to achieve and maintain a positive sense of self; self-verification as the need to confirm existing cognitions about oneself, and finally self-improvement, being defined as the need to achieve improvement in specific skills. Social comparisons may thus be used to generate information, which serve the assessment and verification of one's abilities, the enhancement and maintenance of a positive sense of the self, as well as the improvement of specific skills.…”

Section: Motives Directions and Effects Of Social Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Still the same and better off than others?”: social and temporal comparisons in old age

Ferring

Hoffmann

2007

Eur J Ageing

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Cognitive adaptation in the elderly and the motivated use of temporal and social comparisons set the conceptual frame for the present study. Three research questions were investigated in a sample of 2.129 persons aged between 50 and 90 years. First, the direction of social and temporal comparisons for three domains (physical fitness, mental fitness, psychological resilience) was studied, and findings did show that especially lateral followed by upward comparisons were most frequent under both perspectives; downward comparisons clearly showed the least frequency. Second, the distribution of comparison directions was investigated across four age groups. These analyses showed that upward comparisons increased and lateral comparisons decreased across age groups; differential results were observed for the domains under consideration. Third, the relation between social and temporal comparisons and self-esteem was studied. Results obtained here indicated a motivated use of specific comparison directions since downward social comparisons and upward temporal comparisons were most frequent in persons with low self-esteem. Taken together, the study underlines the different functions of social and temporal comparisons in adulthood and old age; it indicates a predominant need for consensus and consistency, and it highlights the importance of selfesteem in cognitive adaptation.

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“…Feedback may include verbal and non-verbal cues from others, success or failure on tasks, or social comparisons. Self-view maintenance is Attachment and feedback-seeking 6 motivated: People seek feedback frequently in everyday life (Taylor, Neter, & Wayment, 1995). Given that one's attachment orientation influences the areas from which one derives self-worth, it might also influence the feedback one seeks about those areas.…”

Section: Attachment and Feedback-seekingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult attachment and feedback‐seeking patterns in relationships and work

Hepper

Carnelley

2009

Euro J Social Psych

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Attachment and feedback-seeking 2 AbstractAdults with different attachment orientations rely on different areas of life to maintain self-views. This paper reports two studies that examine the link between attachment and feedback-seeking patterns in interpersonal and competence-related domains.Participants in Study 1 imagined receiving feedback from a friend. Participants in Study 2 completed dyadic tasks and were promised feedback from interpersonal-and competence-relevant sources. Across both studies, secure individuals consistently chose the most positive feedback. Individuals high in attachment avoidance sought negative feedback over positive, although dismissing-avoidant individuals sought positive hypothetical feedback about autonomy. Study 2 further suggested that highly avoidant individuals were more open to negative feedback than positive feedback and than were secure individuals. Moreover, individuals high in attachment anxiety failed to seek positive interpersonal feedback but pursued interpersonal over competence feedback.Results highlight the role of feedback-seeking in maintenance of positive or negative self-views for adults with different attachment orientations.Keywords: Attachment, self-views, feedback-seeking, sources of self-esteem Attachment and feedback-seeking 3 Adult Attachment and Feedback-Seeking Patterns in Relationships and WorkIndividuals with different attachment orientations possess self-concepts differing in valence and structure. These differences are thought to originate in early caregiving experiences. But how do they persist into adulthood? One important process by which the self is maintained and developed is receiving self-relevant feedback from others.Feedback provides vital information about strengths and weaknesses, and people often go out of their way to seek it. Seeking particular feedback influences the information one receives in return, contributing to self-concept maintenance and change. In the present research, we examine the ways in which attachment orientation influences feedback-seeking in important areas of life. In so doing, we aim to shed light on the ways that insecure individuals maintain negative self-views. Attachment, Affect-Regulation, and Sources of Self-WorthAccording to attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969(Bowlby, , 1973(Bowlby, , 1980), people's early caregiving experiences shape the way they mentally represent the self and relationships, and the strategies they use to navigate the social world throughout the lifespan (known as attachment orientation; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978;Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). In adulthood, secure adults possess more positive, coherent, and stable self-representations than insecure adults (Foster, Kernis, & Goldman, 2007;Mikulincer, 1995). One reason is that people with varying attachment histories develop different affect-regulation strategies (Mikulincer, Shaver, & Pereg, 2003) and rely on different sources for feelings of self-worth (Brennan & Morris, 1997). We outline this logic next.Infants whose caregiver...

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Self-Evaluation Processes

Cited by 244 publications

References 27 publications

Looking back and looking ahead: Adult age differences in consistency of diachronous ratings of subjective well-being.

Looking back and looking ahead: Adult age differences in consistency of diachronous ratings of subjective well-being.

“Still the same and better off than others?”: social and temporal comparisons in old age

Adult attachment and feedback‐seeking patterns in relationships and work

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