Self-formation of 3D interconnected macroporous carbon xerogels derived from polybenzoxazine by selective solvent during the sol–gel process

Advanced and economical ambient drying method for controlled mesopore polybenzoxazine-based carbon xerogels: Effects of non-ionic and cationic surfactant on porous structure

“…Subsequently, the MCBP(BA-teta) organogel was placed in a temperatureprogrammed oven for step-polymerization at 160°C and 180°C for 3 h at each temperature, and 200°C for 15 min to achieve the fully-polymerized polybenzoxazine xerogel [36,37]. The possible structure of polybenzoxazine synthesized using teta, BA, and formaldehyde is shown in our previous works [37][38][39]. After step-polymerization, fully-polymerized polybenzoxazine xerogel was carbonized under nitrogen flow of 600 cc/min using the following cycle step: 30-250°C for 1 h, 250-600°C for 5 h, 600-800°C for 1 h and held at 800°C for 2 h, and then the oven was cooled to room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere [36,37].…”

“…In addition, polybenzoxazine is a cross-linked polymer with additional extensive hydrogen bonded networks which can withstand pore collapse without the need of supercritical CO 2 drying process. Hence, polybenzoxazine aerogels with more economical ambient drying have been reported in the literature [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”

Polymer/Carbon-Based Hybrid Aerogels: Preparation, Properties and Applications

“…Polybenzoxazine has many advantageous characteristics compared with traditional phenolic resin, such as high mechanical strength, near-zero shrinkage upon polymerization of its monomer, and high char yield [ 134 , 135 ]. Interestingly, ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazine in solvents leads to gelation and formation of 3D polymer networks [ 136 , 137 ]. Lorjai et al first reported the synthesis of polybenzoxazine gels by thermally-induced ring opening polymerization of benzoxazine in xylene at 130 °C [ 138 ].…”

Hetero-Porous, High-Surface Area Green Carbon Aerogels for the Next-Generation Energy Storage Applications

“…In addition to fact that CAs possess hierarchical pore structures (HPCs), their microstructures can be tuned in such a way that they can achieve higher electrochemical properties [ 25 ]. Conventionally, CAs are prepared from pyrolysis of organic polymer frameworks produced using sol-gel technique [ 26 , 27 ] or template assisted techniques [ 28 , 29 ]. These conventional methods are characterized by some difficulties such as (1) lack of enough mesopores in activated carbons for efficient ion transportation (even though they have very high SSAs) and mismatch between pore size and size of electrolyte ions; (2) highly ordered pores with narrow pore size distribution in the case of templated porous carbons; (3) high-cost and complex procedure needed for the preparation of nanomaterials (such as graphene [ 30 , 31 ], carbon nanotubes [ 32 , 33 ], and metal nanoparticles [ 34 , 35 ]) and incorporated Cas; (4) poor mechanical properties [ 36 ].…”