Self‐Healable Multifunctional Electronic Tattoos Based on Silk and Graphene

Wang, Qi; Ling, Shengjie; Liang, Xiaoping; Wang, Huimin; Lü, Haojie; Zhang, Mingchao

doi:10.1002/adfm.201808695

Cited by 288 publications

(322 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…An ECG can provide several important features of cardiac function. Electrodes with a low modulus and high conductivity can fit well on the surface of the skin and conduct electrophysiological signals, which is essential for achieving high signal‐to‐noise ratios in electrophysiological measurements . The organohydrogel fiber was successfully used as an electrode to obtain the ECG of a volunteer.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Electrodes with a low modulus and high conductivity can fit well on the surface of the skin and conduct electrophysiological signals, which is essential for achieving high signalto-noise ratios in electrophysiological measurements. [25] The organohydrogel fiber was successfully used as an electrode to obtain the ECG of a volunteer. The ECG signal was collected and recorded using a BMD 101 ECG Bluetooth module from a volunteer, who was fully voluntary and aware of any risks involved.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mechanically and Electronically Robust Transparent Organohydrogel Fibers

et al. 2020

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Stretchable conductive fibers are key elements for next‐generation flexible electronics. Most existing conductive fibers are electron‐based, opaque, relatively rigid, and show a significant increase in resistance during stretching. Accordingly, soft, stretchable, and transparent ion‐conductive hydrogel fibers have attracted significant attention. However, hydrogel fibers are difficult to manufacture and easy to dry and freeze, which significantly hinders their wide range of applications. Herein, organohydrogel fibers are designed to address these challenges. First, a newly designed hybrid crosslinking strategy continuously wet‐spins hydrogel fibers, which are transformed into organohydrogel fibers by simple solvent replacement. The organohydrogel fibers show excellent antifreezing (< ‐80 °C) capability, stability (>5 months), transparency, and stretchability. The predominantly covalently crosslinked network ensures the fibers have a high dynamic mechanical stability with negligible hysteresis and creep, from which previous conductive fibers usually suffer. Accordingly, strain sensors made from the organohydrogel fibers accurately capture high‐frequency (4 Hz) and high‐speed (24 cm s−1) motion and exhibit little drift for 1000 stretch–release cycles, and are powerful for detecting rapid cyclic motions such as engine valves and are difficult to reach by previously reported conductive fibers. The organohydrogel fibers also demonstrate potential as wearable anisotropic sensors, data gloves, soft electrodes, and optical fibers.

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Mechanically and Electronically Robust Transparent Organohydrogel Fibers

et al. 2020

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“…[15][16][17][18] It is obvious that the complicated, expensive fabrication methods, and limited stretchability of inorganic electronic materials restrict their widespread application. [21] Meanwhile, organic electronic materials, such as conductive small molecules and polymers and carbon-based conductive materials, [28] have good stretchability and their special chemical groups provide good conductivity. With low-cost fabrication methods, such as direct printing [20,25] and transfer printing, [21] these materials have been highly successfully used to fabricate stretchable circuits, [26] sensing arrays, [27] and near field communication antennae.…”

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confidence: 99%

Semi‐Liquid‐Metal‐(Ni‐EGaIn)‐Based Ultraconformable Electronic Tattoo

Guo

Sun

Yao

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

136

129

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silicon wafer, electronic skin, which is usually fabricated with mechanically compliant materials (low modulus, stretchable, and flexible) overcomes the fundamental mismatch between rigid devices and soft biological tissues. [13,14] At present, inorganic and organic electronic materials integrated with elastomeric substrates are the two popular approaches to fabricate electronic skin. Nonstretchable inorganic electronic materials, such as gold, copper, and silver, change the geometric structure to fit the stretched substrates. [15][16][17][18] It is obvious that the complicated, expensive fabrication methods, and limited stretchability of inorganic electronic materials restrict their widespread application. Alternatively, other inorganic electronic materials, such as nanoparticles [19][20][21] and carbon nanotubes, [22][23][24] are deposited on elastomer substrates to form a thin nanopath that can be extended when the substrates are stretched. With low-cost fabrication methods, such as direct printing [20,25] and transfer printing, [21] these materials have been highly successfully used to fabricate stretchable circuits, [26] sensing arrays, [27] and near field communication antennae. [21] Meanwhile, organic electronic materials, such as conductive small molecules and polymers and carbon-based conductive materials, [28] have good stretchability and their special chemical groups provide good conductivity. [29][30][31] However, the conductivities of nanoparticle layers and organic electronic materials are far lower than those of metal conductors. Thus, it is of great importance to develop new materials with both excellent conductivity and stretchability. Most electronic skin is fabricated on a flat device and subsequently transferred to skin. We suggest that the new conductive materials be directly printed onto the skin using a low-cost preparation method and be super-compliant and customizable.Liquid metal (eutectic gallium-indium, EGaIn) is an attractive conductive material that has shown significant promise for broad applications in flexible electronics. With its high electrical conductivity (EGaIn: 3.4 × 10 6 S m −1 ) [32] and excellent fluidity, [33] liquid metal has attracted great interest in many applications, such as stretchable antennae, [34,35] bioelectrodes, [36] strain sensors, [37] pressure sensors, [38] loudspeakers, [39] and soft robots. [40] Additionally, gallium is nontoxic with low vapor pressure, [41] which can be useful in an ambient environment. [42] Meanwhile, various patterning techniques of liquid metal have also been developed, such as microchannel injection, [43] atomized Because of its seamless skin interface, electronic skin has attracted increasing attention in the field of biomedical sensors and medical devices. Most electronic skins are based on organic or inorganic electronic materials. However, the low flexibility of inorganic materials and the limited conductivity of organic materials restricts their widespread use. A new approach is reported to fabricate electronic tattoos from N...

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“…Figure 2d shows the normalized resistance change of the R-EDG sensor as a function of applied strain. [32,33,35] The strain sensor showed great durability, since the response did not show significant variation by loading-unloading tensile strain cycles of 50% for over 5000 cycles. The gauge factor is around 2-12 when the applied strain was below 40%.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The majority of these studies are focused on mechanically enhanced materials but lack selectivity for specific chemicals or the capacity for in situ calibration. [32] Adv. Mater.…”

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confidence: 99%

Skin‐Friendly Electronics for Acquiring Human Physiological Signatures

2019

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exercise that may last for hours or even days. [1,6,7] Much effort has been invested to increase adhesion by improving/optimizing the mechanical properties, thickness, and structural design of the device substrate. [8,9] However, just like many skin adhesives and transdermal patches, the strong adhesive design in many skin-mounted devices usually results in difficult detachment after their use, causing skin irritation, pain and even secondary damage to the wound when used, for example, as a wound healing dressing. [10] Strategies to design epidermal devices with strong adhesion and easy (preferably triggered, ondemand) detachment properties have yet to be developed. Moreover, technologies for safe disposal of epidermal electronics (most of which eventually end up in electronic wastes) have been rarely explored. Furthermore, harsh and fluctuating conditions during prolonged outdoor activities may affect the accuracy and reliability of those skin-mounted devices. [3,4] Most designs neglect these important aspects of epidermal devices, hindering them from real-world applications.Here we report a set of degradable epidermal electronics consisting of both physical and biochemical sensors that can monitor multidimensional physiological parameters such as electrocardiograms (ECG), electrooculography (EOG), and electromyography (EMG) as well as temperature, strain, humidity, and bacterial infection. Using an artificial neural network (ANN), important physiology signatures can be detected that are nearly unaffected by individual differences. Moreover, while Epidermal sensing devices offer great potential for real-time health and fitness monitoring via continuous characterization of the skin for vital morphological, physiological, and metabolic parameters. However, peeling them off can be difficult and sometimes painful especially when these skinmounted devices are applied on sensitive or wounded regions of skin due to their strong adhesion. A set of biocompatible and water-decomposable "skinfriendly" epidermal electronic devices fabricated on flexible, stretchable, and degradable protein-based substrates are reported. Strong adhesion and easy detachment are achieved concurrently through an environmentally benign, plasticized protein platform offering engineered mechanical properties and water-triggered, on-demand decomposition lifetime (transiency). Human experiments show that multidimensional physiological signals can be measured using these innovative epidermal devices consisting of electroand biochemical sensing modules and analyzed for important physiological signatures using an artificial neural network. The advances provide unique, versatile capabilities and broader applications for user-and environmentally friendly epidermal devices.Epidermal electronics, an emerging class of wearable electronic devices that are mounted on the human skin with conformal contact for direct skin-sensor interactions, are especially appealing for the "Internet of Things" and next-generation wearable medical applications. [1][2][3][4][5]...

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Self‐Healable Multifunctional Electronic Tattoos Based on Silk and Graphene

Cited by 288 publications

References 68 publications

Mechanically and Electronically Robust Transparent Organohydrogel Fibers

Mechanically and Electronically Robust Transparent Organohydrogel Fibers

Semi‐Liquid‐Metal‐(Ni‐EGaIn)‐Based Ultraconformable Electronic Tattoo

Skin‐Friendly Electronics for Acquiring Human Physiological Signatures

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