Additive manufacturing
of smart materials that can be
dynamically
programmed with external stimuli is known as 4D printing. Among the
4D printable materials, hydrogels are the most extensively studied
materials in various biomedical areas because of their hierarchical
structure, similarity to native human tissues, and supreme bioactivity.
However, conventional smart hydrogels suffer from poor mechanical
properties, slow actuation speed, and instability of actuated shape.
Herein, we present 4D-printed hydrogels based on poly(acrylic acid)
that can concurrently possess shape-memory and self-healing properties.
The printing of the hydrogels is achieved by solvent-free copolymerization
of the hydrophilic acrylic acid (AAc) and hydrophobic hexadecyl acrylate
(C16A) monomers in the presence of TPO photoinitiator using a stereolithography-based
commercial resin printer followed by swelling in water. The printed
hydrogels undergo a reversible strong-to-weak gel transition below
and above human body temperature due to the melting and crystallization
of the hydrophobic C16A domains. In this way, the shape-memory and
self-healing properties of the hydrogels can be magically actuated
near the body temperature by adjusting the molar ratio of the monomers.
Furthermore, the printed hydrogels display a high Young’s modulus
(up to ∼215 MPa) and high toughness (up to ∼7 MJ/m3), and their mechanical properties can be tuned from brittle
to ductile by reducing the molar fraction of C16A, or the deformation
speed. Overall, the developed 4D printable hydrogels have great potential
for various biomedical applications.