Self‐Illuminating NIR‐II Chemiluminescence Nanosensor for In Vivo Tracking H₂O₂ Fluctuation

Abstract

Chemiluminescence (CL) imaging, as an excitation‐free technique, exhibits a markedly improved signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) owing to the absence of an excitation light source and autofluorescence interference. However, conventional chemiluminescence imaging generally focuses on the visible and first near‐infrared (NIR‐I) regions, which hinders high‐performance biological imaging due to strong tissue scattering and absorption. To address the issue, self‐luminescent NIR‐II CL nanoprobes with a second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) luminescence in the presence of hydrogen peroxide are rationally designed. A cascade energy transfer, including chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) from the chemiluminescent substrate to NIR‐I organic molecules and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from NIR‐I organic molecules to NIR‐II organic molecules, occurs in the nanoprobes, contributing to NIR‐II light with great efficiency and good tissue penetration depth. Based on excellent selectivity, high sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, and long‐lasting luminescence performance, the NIR‐II CL nanoprobes are applied to detect inflammation in mice, showing a 7.4‐fold enhancement in SNR compared with that of fluorescence.

Finely-Tuning Chemiluminescent Color of CdTe Nanocrystals and Its Application for Near-Infrared Semi-Automatic Immunoassay

“…Extended investigation provides unambiguous evidence that NCs can be directly and synchronously injected with conduction band (CB) electrons and valence band (VB) holes for CL via chemical redox, and then give off defects-involved CL in a way different from resonance energy transfer . The direct NCs CL is surface-sensitive , and can be developed as an alternative to the resonance-energy-transfer CL for extending CL waveband. − Moreover, the direct NCs CL can conveniently couple with magnetic separation for CLIA, which might open a pathway to commercialized CLIA beyond the eye-visible region. , …”

Self-Illuminating Near-Infrared Chemiluminescence Nanosensors for Tumor Imaging

“…7 Among these, peroxyoxalate-based CL systems are extensively used in biological diagnosis owing to their excellent CL efficiency. 8 CPPO, a typical peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent substrate, selectively reacts with H 2 O 2 to generate 1,2-dioxetanedione (DOD). It is a high-energy intermediate and can excite neighboring fluorophores (CL energy acceptors) to emit luminescence via the electron exchange luminescence mechanism.…”

“…Over the years, various CL systems based on peroxyoxalate, lucigenin, and luminol have been developed . Among these, peroxyoxalate-based CL systems are extensively used in biological diagnosis owing to their excellent CL efficiency . CPPO, a typical peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent substrate, selectively reacts with H 2 O 2 to generate 1,2-dioxetanedione (DOD).…”

Aggregation-Induced Emission-Based Chemiluminescence Systems in Biochemical Analysis and Disease Theranostics

“…At present, CL-based systems have been employed in ion detection, such as mercury ions [1], cyanide anions [2], and nitrite [3]. They also display excellent performance in ROS detection [4][5][6], molecule detection [7][8][9], bioimaging [10][11][12][13], and disease diagnosis and treatment [14][15][16][17][18]. However, these systems are usually based on very limited CL substrate molecules, suffering weak signal and poor capability in antienvironmental interference.…”