Self-Immolation in India

Pai, Naveen Manohar; Chandra, Prabha S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62613-6_5

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Self-immolation is not a common choice for suicide in Western countries, but it appeared to be an important method in South Asia (Ajdacic-Gross et al, 2008; Fernando et al, 2010; Sharma et al, 2007). Sociocultural attitudes towards self-immolation, as reflected, for example, by the historical practice of “sati” in India, where widows commit suicide by jumping into the funeral pyre following the death of their husband, may have contributed to the remarkable prevalence of this method in this part of the world (Pai et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide methods in South Asia over two decades (2001–2020)

Arafat¹,

Ali

Menon

et al. 2021

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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Background: Suicide is a global preventable public health problem. About a quarter of all suicides in the world occur in South Asia. As means restriction is an important suicide prevention strategy, gaining knowledge of the common suicide methods and their changing trends in each country and region is crucial. Aims: We aimed to assess the suicide methods in South Asian countries over the last two decades. Methods: A search was performed in PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar with the search terms. Original articles of quantitative studies, published in the English language, from 2001 to 2020, with full-accessible text, that rank different methods of suicide in eight South Asian countries, were included. Results: A total of 68 studies were found eligible for review. The Maximum number of studies were found from India ( n = 38), followed by Bangladesh ( n = 12), Pakistan ( n = 9), Sri Lanka ( n = 6), and Nepal ( n = 3). Hanging ( n = 40, 55.8%) and poisoning ( n = 24, 35.3%) were the two most common suicide methods reported, in that order. Hanging followed by poisoning were the commonest suicide methods in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan while in Sri Lanka, poisoning was the preferred method to hanging. There is a decline in suicide by poisoning and an increase in suicide by hanging in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India. Although hanging is still the commonest method in Pakistan, the use of firearms is growing in recent years (2011–2020). Conclusions: There is a steady decline in the incidence of suicides by poisoning following pesticide regulations in South Asian countries. However, there is heterogeneity of study methods, probable under-reporting of suicide, and lack of robust suicide data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide methods in South Asia over two decades (2001–2020)

Arafat¹,

Ali

Menon

et al. 2021

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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“… 47 It is well known that childhood trauma is associated with alterations in the serotonin system, which may contribute to an increased risk of suicide. 48 Moreover, KYNA is a biomarker strongly associated with stressful events. 21 , 22 Animal models have demonstrated, for instance, that stress leads to increased KYNA concentration in the body over time, resulting in a generalized KYNA-dependent biological stress response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Sex as Moderating Factor for the Relationship Between Maternal Childhood Trauma and Salivary Kynurenic Acid and Tryptophan in Pregnancy: A Pilot Study

Pedraz-Petrozzi,

Lamadé,

Marszalek-Grabska

et al. 2024

Int J�Tryptophan�Res

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Traumatic experiences and fetal development influence tryptophan (TRP) and its neuroactive byproduct, kynurenic acid (KYNA). Maternal TRP metabolite levels during pregnancy vary by fetal sex, with higher concentrations in mothers carrying male fetuses. This pilot study aimed to explore the relationship between offspring sex, maternal childhood trauma, and maternal salivary KYNA and TRP levels during pregnancy. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine KYNA and TRP levels in maternal saliva samples collected from 35 late-pregnancy participants. Maternal childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, including subscales for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. Among mothers pregnant with boys, salivary KYNA significantly correlated with physical and emotional neglect, and salivary TRP with emotional neglect. No significant correlations were found in mothers who delivered female offspring. Significant associations of childhood trauma and offspring sex were found for salivary KYNA but not TRP concentrations. Mothers with higher trauma levels who delivered boys exhibited higher levels of salivary KYNA compared to those with lower trauma levels. Moreover, mothers with higher trauma levels who delivered boys had higher salivary KYNA levels than those with higher trauma levels who delivered girls. This pilot study provides evidence of an association between maternal childhood trauma and TRP metabolism, measured in saliva, especially in mothers pregnant with boys. However, longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these results.

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“…Additionally, Bonsignori et al reported a higher tryptophan breakdown index in affective disorders, speci cally for the subscales of physical abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and emotional abuse, but not in healthy control subjects 33 . It is well known that childhood trauma affects the serotonin system contributing to negative outcomes, such as an increased risk of suicide 34 . Moreover, KYNA is a biomarker directly correlated with stressful events 15,16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal sex as moderating factor for the relationship between maternal childhood trauma and salivary kynurenic acid and tryptophan in pregnancy: A pilot study

Pedraz-Petrozzi,

Lamade,

Marszalek-Grabska

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Traumatic experiences and fetal development influence tryptophan (TRP) and its neuroactive byproduct, kynurenic acid (KYNA). Maternal TRP metabolite levels during pregnancy vary by fetal sex, with higher concentrations in mothers carrying male fetuses. This pilot study aimed to explore the relationship between offspring sex, maternal childhood trauma, and maternal salivary KYNA and TRP levels during pregnancy. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine KYNA and TRP levels in maternal saliva samples collected from 35 late pregnant participants. Maternal childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, including subscales for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. Among mothers pregnant with boys, salivary KYNA significantly correlated with physical and emotional neglect and salivary TRP with emotional neglect. No significant correlations were found in mothers who delivered female offspring. Significant associations of childhood trauma and offspring sex were found for salivary KYNA but not TRP concentrations. Mothers with higher trauma levels who delivered boys exhibited elevated salivary KYNA levels compared to those with lower trauma levels. Moreover, mothers with higher trauma levels who delivered boys had higher salivary KYNA levels than those with higher trauma levels who delivered girls. This pilot study provides evidence of an association between maternal childhood trauma and TRP metabolism, measured in saliva, especially in mothers pregnant with boys. However, further confirmation is required through longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes.

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Self-Immolation in India

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Suicide methods in South Asia over two decades (2001–2020)

Suicide methods in South Asia over two decades (2001–2020)

Fetal Sex as Moderating Factor for the Relationship Between Maternal Childhood Trauma and Salivary Kynurenic Acid and Tryptophan in Pregnancy: A Pilot Study

Fetal sex as moderating factor for the relationship between maternal childhood trauma and salivary kynurenic acid and tryptophan in pregnancy: A pilot study

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