Self in Psychiatry, Psychology and Religion: Textual Analysis

Abstract

This study explored how the three distinct fields of psychiatry, psychology and religion treated a "self" in terms of its constituting features and cognitive taxa. To achieve the objective the micro structural approach of schema theory was applied to the representative texts of these fields by specifying and analyzing all the tokens of "self" and its derivatives. When statistical tests were applied to the data it was found that psychiatry, psychology and religion differed significantly from each other in the number of tokens. The reduction of tokens to types and the assignment of types to their hierarchically established cognitive taxa showed that religion treated the "self" more comprehensively and objectively than psychiatry and psychology did. The results are discussed in terms of the cognitive taxa to which psychiatry, psychology and religion assign the "self" to.

Does the Schema of Top Peer Pressure and Its Relationship with Achievement Change from Junior High School to University?

“…He believed that any living being or organism could be biologically studied as a species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain. Recent findings show that Linnaeus' (1735) taxonomy is not merely biological but cognitive simply because it is eight constituting taxa broaden in terms of their meaning, i.e., from the fewest or narrowest to the most or broadest meaning conveyed through the distinctive features of each taxon (Khodadady & Zahani, 2021a, 2021b. By resorting to the Wise Quran as a representative text of divine religion, Khodadady and Dastgahian (2022) expanded Linnaeus' taxa from eight to nine (Table 1).…”

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“…Research findings show that these common and distinctive features of "self" determine which hierarchical taxa a sapiens chooses to actualize its self in. Khodadady and Zahani [5], for example, applied the MICAST to explore the taxa to which the schema of "self" is assigned in the three fields of divine religion, psychiatry, and psychology as represented by "the Quran (Q) revealed to Muhammad from "610 … [to] 632 AD" [6], "Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/ Clinical Psychiatry" [7], and "Abnormal Psychology" [8], respectively. Their analysis showed that the taxa established in divine religion were more comprehensive and objective than psychiatry and psychology.…”

“…Since Khodadady and Zahani's [5,12] findings showed that the schema of "self" in divine religion is more comprehensive and objective than psychiatry and psychology, the present author analyzed the Q in order to find out what taxa it places the self in. The analysis showed that it addresses it as a schema within 11 taxa.…”

Does the Schema of top Peer Pressure and its Relationship with Achievement Change from Junior High School to University?

“…He believed that any living being or organism can be biologically studied as a species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain. Recent findings show that Linnaeus' [12] taxonomy is not merely biological but cognitive simply because its eight constituting taxa broaden in terms of their meaning, i.e., from the fewest or narrowest to the most or broadest meaning conveyed through the disticitive features of each taxon [13,14]. By resorting to the Wise Quran as a represenative text of divine religion, Khodadady and Dastgahian [15] expanded Linnaeus' taxa from eight to nine (Table 1).…”