Self-medication during COVID-19 outbreak: a cross sectional online survey in Dhaka city

Nasir, Muhammad; Chowdhury, Asm Salauddin; Zahan, Tahmina

doi:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20203522

Cited by 92 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

102

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The total score was calculated by summing the raw scores of each item ranging from 0-27, with a higher score indicating greater severity of depression. The levels of depressive symptoms were classified into five groups according to their score as minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), moderately severe (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and severe (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). In the present study, the PHQ-9 scale was found to have Cronbach's α of 0.86.…”

Section: Patient Health Questionnaire (Phq-9) Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors that have been shown to influence self-medication include previous experience with a disease or a symptom, availability of medicine, increasing costs of prescription drugs, and the willingness of people to empower themselves [ 19 , 20 ]. In Bangladesh, self-medication is influenced largely by socioeconomic status, educational attainment, and lack of proper knowledge [ 21 ]. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) advocates self-medication for inhibiting and treating minor health problems at minimal cost, in severe cases, it may lead to adverse health outcomes, including higher mortality [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Islam

Ferdous

Islam

et al. 2021

IJERPH

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected people’s lives globally. While important research has been conducted, much remains to be known. In Bangladesh, initial treatment (self-administered, hospitalized), persistent COVID-19 symptoms (“long COVID-19”), and whether COVID-19 leads to changes in mental state, such as depressive symptoms, of people are not known. This study aimed to examine treatment, persistent symptoms, and depression in people who had been infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1002 individuals infected with COVID-19 (60% male; mean age = 34.7 ± 13.9; age range = 18–81 years), with data taken over a one-month period (11 September 2020 to 13 October 2020). A self-reported online questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographics, lifestyle, COVID-19 symptoms (during and beyond COVID-19), medication (over-the-counter or doctor-prescribed), and depression (assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)). Results: Twenty-four percent of participants self-medicated with over-the-counter medicine when they were first diagnosed with COVID-19. Self-medication was higher among female vs. male respondents (29.6% vs. 20.2%, respectively, p = 0.002). A minority (20%) reported that they experienced persistent COVID-like symptoms after recovering from COVID-19. The most reported persistent symptoms were diarrhea (12.7%) and fatigue (11.5%). Forty-eight percent of participants were categorized as having moderate to severe depression. Based on multivariate regression analysis, depression during COVID-19 was positively associated with lower family income, poor health status, sleep disturbance, lack of physical activity, hypertension, asthma/respiratory problems, fear of COVID-19 re-infection, and persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusions: The findings suggest a need for appropriate interventions for COVID-19 patients to promote physical and mental wellbeing.

show abstract

Section: Patient Health Questionnaire (Phq-9) Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Islam

Ferdous

Islam

et al. 2021

IJERPH

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…in ICUs and other highrisk units. • Possible increased self-medication with antibiotics in some countries or regions of the world [48] • Possible decreased antibiotic consumption because of fewer patient consultations, e.g. for self-limiting infections that would otherwise have resulted in an antibiotic prescription [4] • Possible decreased incidence of respiratory tract infections as a consequence of decreased personto-person transmission because of lockdowns, resulting in decreased antibiotic consumption…”

Section: Type Of Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Will coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have an impact on antimicrobial resistance?

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…But the critical consideration of oxygen therapy is inevitable in almost every patient treated in ICU. As stated in the National Guideline on case management of COVID-19 in Bangladesh, there is no precise effective treatment for COVID-19, the main stay of management is early diagnosis and supportive care of symptoms and optimum support for organ function in severe illness [10]. No drug is yet recommended as chemoprophylaxis as there is no quality evidence of efficacy and safety in COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcome of Instrumental Oxygen Therapy in COVID-19: Survivors Versus Non-survivors in Bangladeshi Cohort

Nasir¹,

Perveen²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2021

AJIM

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background and objectives: Mortality of critically ill COVID-19 patients in ICU are high around the globe.There are variable reports on the outcome of invasive and non-invasive ventilation, change of oxygen saturation, and clinical characteristics in different countries and hospital set-ups. This study aimed to observe the demographic and clinical characteristics of critical COVID-19 cases, the trend of SpO 2 in 10-days, and the mortality outcome of oxygen therapy in a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: In this retrospective study, data obtained from 99 patients admitted in ICU with COVID-19 was confirmed by RT-PCR of the nasopharyngeal swab. The 720-bed Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital (HFRCMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh with a 9-bed ICU facility designated as "COVID-dedicated" from May17 to September 9, 2020. Ninety-nine patients were selected for the study, divided into two groups. 39 of them were non-survivors, whereas 60 included in the survivors group. Demographic data, correlation with age groups, clinical symptoms, instrumental oxygen therapy, and mortality were collected from hospital records. Appropriate statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Out of 99 patients admitted in ICU with COVID-19, 72 were male and 27 were female. The mean age of the patients was 61.08 years. Most of the ICU patients were in the 60-69 years of age group and the highest mortality rates (35.89%) were observed in this age range. The presenting symptoms of the patients were shortness of breath (85.85%) was the most common symptom followed by fever (66.66%), cough (32.32%), lethargy (12.12%), and others (7.77%). The mean SpO 2 of their 10-days ICU stay was also variable between the two groups. A gradual increase of mean SpO 2 was observed in the survivors' group. Whereas, the mean SpO 2 level of non-survivor had ups and downs from 92% to 83% on day-10, along with the lowest level of mean SpO 2 (77%) was on the 7 th day. Conclusions: With the constrain of the healthcare support system and limited ICU facilities in a low-middle income country like Bangladesh, the mortality outcome and instrumental oxygen therapy to fight the ARDS caused by COVID-19 is far challenging. The present study clearly showed the highest mortality in patients who required mechanical ventilation, whereas, almost 75% of patients survived with high flow nasal cannula (HFNC). Therefore, the experience advocates the necessity of HFNC at the earliest possible time to avoid invasive ventilation in COVID-19 patients admitted in ICU.

show abstract

Self-medication during COVID-19 outbreak: a cross sectional online survey in Dhaka city

Cited by 92 publications

References 13 publications

Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Will coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have an impact on antimicrobial resistance?

Outcome of Instrumental Oxygen Therapy in COVID-19: Survivors Versus Non-survivors in Bangladeshi Cohort

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About