Self Mode-Locking of Lasers With Saturable Absorbers

DeMaria, A. J.; Stetser, D. A.; Heynau, H.

doi:10.1063/1.1754541

Cited by 458 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…[52][53][54] The first modelocked lasers were developed in the mid-1960s using ruby or a Nd:Glass (a Nd 3+ -doped silicon oxide crystal), enabling the production of laser pulses with durations on the order of picoseconds for the first time. 85,86 The first femtosecond lasers were colliding-pulse mode-locked dye lasers, which also employ a dye-chain amplifier for energy amplification, developed in 1980s, and allowing pulse durations down to 30 fs. 87,88 However, self mode-locked (a kind of passive mode-locking using the called Kerr lens inside the laser cavity) Ti:sapphire lasers, which are easier to use and now allow application of laser pulses with pulse durations down to a few femtoseconds, are replacing dye lasers for ultrashort pulse applications ever since their development in the early 1990s.…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Pasquini¹,

Cortez²,

Silva³

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

342

195

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Esta revisão descreve os aspectos fundamentais, a instrumentação, as aplicações e tendências futuras de uma técnica analítica que se encontra em seu estágio de consolidação e que está em vias de estabelecer o seu nicho entre as técnicas espectrofotométricas modernas. A técnica é denominada Espectroscopia de Emissão em Plasma Induzido por Laser (em inglês, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS) e sua principal característica está no uso de pulsos de laser como fonte de energia para vaporizar a amostra e excitar a emissão de radiação eletromagnética, a partir de seus elementos e/ou fragmentos moleculares. A radiação emitida é analisada por meio de instrumentos ópticos de alta resolução e as suas intensidades são medidas, usualmente com detectores rápidos de estado sólido. Em conjunto, esses dispositivos permitem a geração e a medida de um espectro de emissão de faixa ampla do fenômeno induzido pelo pulso de laser. O espectro registrado contém informação qualitativa e quantitativa que pode ser correlacionada com a identidade da amostra ou empregada na determinação da quantidade de seus constituintes. Essa revisão é dividida em quatro partes. A primeira aborda aspectos históricos da técnica e os conceitos teóricos relevantes associados com LIBS; então, os aspectos práticos de diversas abordagens experimentais e instrumentais empregadas na implementação da técnica são revistos de forma crítica; as aplicações encontradas na literatura, incluindo aquelas que empregam quimiometria, são classificadas e exemplificadas por meio de trabalhos relevantes recentemente publicados. Finalmente, uma tentativa de estabelecer uma avaliação global e as perspectivas futuras para a técnica é apresentada.This review describes the fundamentals, instrumentation, applications and future trends of an analytical technique that is in its early stages of consolidation and is establishing its definitive niches among modern spectrometric techniques. The technique has been named Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and its main characteristic stands in the use of short laser pulses as the energy source to vaporize samples and excite the emission of electromagnetic radiation from its elements and/or molecular fragments. The emitted radiation is analyzed by high resolution optics and the intensities are recorded, usually by fast triggered solid state detectors. Together, these devices allow producing and registering a wide ranging emission spectrum of the short-lived phenomenon induced by the laser pulse. The spectrum contains qualitative and quantitative information which can be correlated with sample identity or can be used to determine the amount of its constituents. This review is divided in four parts. First, the relevant historical and theoretical concepts associated with LIBS are presented; then the main practical aspects of the several experimental and instrumental approaches employed for implementation of the technique are critically described; the applications related in the literature, including those making use of chemometri...

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Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Pasquini¹,

Cortez²,

Silva³

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

342

195

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One of the ways of generating pulses out of laser oscillators rather than continuous waves (CWs) is the passive mode-locking technique [1][2][3][4]. This technique uses the transmission characteristics of the cavity that depend on the intensity of optical radiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of external phase and gain-loss modulation on bound solitons in laser systems

et al. 2009

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We study the dynamics of bound solitons of the complex cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation under the influence of external modulation. We consider periods of modulation being either smaller or larger than the soliton separation and the amplitude of modulation being either real or imaginary. For each case, we observe bifurcation and hysteresis phenomena in the parameters of the pair when changing the amplitude of modulation. Namely, soliton separation and phase difference between the solitons may take two or more values for the same modulation amplitude. In the case of gain-loss modulation, two solitons may split and be positioned in the two equilibrium states of the periodic potential. The complicated dynamics of this process is illustrated with numerical examples.

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“…In the best case stable Q-switched modelocking was achieved where the pulse train was intensity modulated by Q-switched macropulses at the pulse repetition rate close to the relaxation oscillations of the solid-state laser. This was also the case in the first dye saturable absorber modelocked solidstate laser by DeMaria and co-workers in 1966 [40]. All these unsuccessful attempts ultimately were summarized and explained by a theory paper by Haus in 1976 [41] where he investigated the parameter regime of saturable absorbers and explained why it is practically impossible to obtain passive modelocking from solid-state lasers.…”

Section: Q-switching Instabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast solid-state laser oscillators: a success story for the last 20 years with no end in sight

Keller

2010

Appl. Phys. B

214

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Ultrashort lasers provide an important tool to probe the dynamics of physical systems at very short timescales, allowing for improved understanding of the performance of many devices and phenomena used in science, technology, and medicine. In addition ultrashort pulses also provide a high peak intensity and a broad optical spectrum, which opens even more applications such as material processing, nonlinear optics, attosecond science, and metrology. There has been a long-standing, ongoing effort in the field to reduce the pulse duration and increase the power of these lasers to continue to empower existing and new applications. After 1990, new techniques such as semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) and Kerrlens mode locking (KLM) allowed for the generation of stable pulse trains from diode-pumped solid-state lasers for the first time, and enabled the performance of such lasers to improve by several orders of magnitude with regards to pulse duration, pulse energy and pulse repetition rates. This invited review article gives a broad overview and includes some personal accounts of the key events during the last 20 years, which made ultrafast solid-state lasers a success story. Ultrafast Ti:sapphire, diode-pumped solid-state, and novel semiconductor laser oscillators will be reviewed. The perspective for the near future indicates continued significant progress in the field. Current status and introductionAs we look back from today in 2010 for the last 20 years, we see that ultrafast solid-state lasers have become the key U. Keller ( ) Institute of Quantum Electronics, Physics Department, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland e-mail: keller@phys.ethz.ch enabling technology for many new applications, and have established themselves successfully in at least several industrial areas. The situation was substantially different 20 years ago, when ultrafast lasers were predominantly based on dye laser technology or active modelocked solid-state lasers, and it was assumed that passive modelocking of diode-pumped solid-state lasers was very difficult, if not impossible. Key breakthroughs came with the invention of the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) [1,2] and Kerr-lens modelocking (KLM) [3]. Previously, Q-switching instabilities prevented stable passive modelocking of diode-pumped solid-state lasers for more than 25 years. This breakthrough was enabled through the major progress in solid-state laser technology: first with the discovery of the Ti:sapphire laser material [4] and second with the rapid progress in highpower semiconductor diode-laser arrays to efficiently pump solid-state lasers.For this invited review paper for the special celebration of Volume 100 in Applied Physics B, I will provide some more details describing the events that led to the rapid progress in ultrafast solid-state lasers. I have been actively involved at the frontier of this field for more than 20 years and can provide some more personal insight into how the field evolved. Furthermore, many important results have been ...

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Self Mode-Locking of Lasers With Saturable Absorbers

Cited by 458 publications

References 8 publications

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Influence of external phase and gain-loss modulation on bound solitons in laser systems

Ultrafast solid-state laser oscillators: a success story for the last 20 years with no end in sight

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