Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as an Integral Part in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

For decades, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been considered a cornerstone of adequate diabetes management. Structured SMBG can follow different monitoring patterns, and it results in improved glycemic control, reduced hypoglycemia, and a better quality of life of people with diabetes. The technology, usability, and accuracy of SMBG systems have advanced markedly since their introduction a few decades ago. Current SMBG systems are small and easy to use, require small (capillary) blood sample volumes, and provide measurement results within seconds. In addition, devices are increasingly equipped with features such as connectivity to other devices and/or digital diaries and diabetes management tools. Although measurement quality can come close to or equal that of the glucose monitoring systems used by healthcare professionals, several available SMBG systems still do not meet internationally accepted accuracy standards, such as the International Organization for Standardization 15197 standard. Reports from China, India, and Brazil based on local experience suggest that in addition of the accuracy issues of SMBG systems, other obstacles also need to be overcome to optimize SMBG usage. Nonetheless, adequate usage of SMBG data is of high relevance for the management of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13300-022-01254-8.

Predictive model for diabetic retinopathy under limited medical resources: A multicenter diagnostic study

“…Earlier studies revealed that glycated hemoglobin ( 10 , 11 , 13 , 15 – 17 , 19 ) or glycemic variability ( 20 , 21 ) could be predictors for DR, but structured glycemic detection adherence was highly correlated with social support ( 24 ). Local experience-based studies from China, India, and Brazil have indicated that the routine use of SMBG was frequently challenging, mainly because of the out-of-pocket expenditures associated with glucose monitoring ( 35 ). In comparison to our simple model, mandatory inclusion of hemoglobin A1c did not substantially increase the AUROC.…”

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat Tentang Pemeriksaan Gula (Glukosa) Darah Mandiri Melalui Program Kemitraan Masyarakat

“…Pengetahuan tentang pemeriksaan gula (glukosa) darah sangat penting untuk mencegah dan mengobati penyakit Diabetes Melitus (Pleus et al, 2022). Pada penderita DM, pemeriksaan gula (glukosa) darah secara mandiri merupakan bagian dari perawatan mandiri yang dilakukan oleh penderita (Ganjal, 2021) dan dapat membantu dalam pengendalian kadar glukosa darah dan hemoglobin terglikasi, perencanaan pengobatan serta pencegahan komplikasi (O'Kane, 2020).…”

Digital technology and healthcare delivery in insulin-treated adults with diabetes: a proposal for analysis of self-monitoring blood glucose patterns using a dedicated platform

“…Several patient-related factors contribute to this issue, including inadequate insulin dosing, inappropriate carbohydrate counting, fear of hypoglycemia, and use of an unstructured SMBG [ 4 ]. Structured SMBG follows different monitoring patterns and improves glycemic control, [ 5 ] variability, and better quality of life in insulin-treated patients [ 6 , 7 ]. Improvements have recently been reported in the large PRISMA trial wherein structured SMBG showed clinical value in reducing HbA 1c in non-insulin-treated T2D, suggesting that this clinical benefit may be mediated by more appropriate and timely changes in drug therapy regardless of the use of insulin [ 6 , 7 ].…”