“…Other-directed learning has been defined as a process in which someone other than the learner controls the learning including the requirements, objectives, resources, activities and evaluations [114]. Under other-directed conditions, learning occurs as a result of guidance and direction of an "other," such as family, friend, colleague, broadcaster, teacher or researcher [115]. In this regard, examples of pursuits promoting other-directed learning concern media employed by these "others" and may include listening to a phone conversation, reading message boards, following an online a group chat, watching telecasts, studying podcasts, completing courses, attending lectures, taking part in conferences, and participating in workshops.…”