Self-Perception Theory

Daryl, J.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6

Cited by 3,797 publications

(2,763 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Laird and his colleagues (e.g., Duclos & Laird, 2001;Duclos et al, 1989;Laird & Bresler, 1992) have consistently interpreted findings such as these in keeping with Bem's (1972) self-perception perspective. The persons assuming an emotionlike expression on their faces, in their body posture, or both presumably detected the muscular changes that had come about and then automatically and nonconsciously used these cues, together with cues from the surrounding situation, in forming their emotional experience.…”

Section: Effects Of Anger-related Muscular Movementsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger.

Berkowitz¹,

Harmon‐Jones²

2004

Emotion

494

417

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Research bearing on several popular conceptions of the major determinants of anger arousal indicates that the particular appraisals often identified as causes of anger frequently only serve to affect the intensity of the anger that is generated. Research into effects of physical pain or other physically unpleasant conditions or involving social stresses suggests that decidedly aversive conditions are a major spur to anger. Experiments are also reviewed showing that anger-related muscular movements can also lead to anger-related feelings, memories, cognitions, and autonomic responses. Alternative explanations for the findings are discussed. The authors urge emotion theorists to widen their methodology and analyses so that they give careful, detailed attention to the many different factors that can influence anger.A great many people are angry at one time or another. After surveying studies dating back to World War I, Averill (1982) concluded that "Depending upon how records are kept, most people report becoming mildly to moderately angry anywhere from several times a day to several times a week" (p. 1146). Perhaps because this emotion is so common, 1 specific definitions of this term often vary in detail (see Averill, 1982;Kassinove, 1995, for reviews of the many different usages of this word), and there are many different, and even opposing, cultural beliefs prescribing how and when this affective state should be managed.Although there certainly is no shortage of research articles dealing with anger, investigators inquiring into the development and functioning of emotions would do well to devote more of their effort and ingenuity to the study of this particular affective state. It obviously is a socially very important emotion, one that has attracted a great deal of attention in the mass media as well as in the various health fields, but it also presents emotion theorists with a number of intriguing conceptual questions. As just one example, there is the often-assumed relationship between hedonic valence and approach-avoidance inclinations. According to Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, and Tellegen (1999), positive affect is typically associated with approach tendencies, whereas negative arousal is usually linked to an urge to avoid the instigating stimulus. Anger seems to be relatively unique in this regard and is often associated with approach rather than with avoidance inclinations (see Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1998;Harmon-Jones & Sigelman, 2001). Then too, research into the conditions under which anger is aroused can also touch on the metatheoretical controversy as to whether emotions can be evoked independently of cognitions. Although we do not want to revive the now well-worn argument as to just what is involved in the concept cognition, if one adopts the relatively restricted definition favored by Izard (1993) and Zajonc Leonard Berkowitz and Eddie Harmon-Jones, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.We thank the individuals who provided valuable comments on previous versions of this article: Jack B...

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Section: Effects Of Anger-related Muscular Movementsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger.

Berkowitz¹,

Harmon‐Jones²

2004

Emotion

494

417

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A private investigator could ascertain all of these social facts about a person just by observing the person and without ever speaking to the individual. Some have suggested that we each engage in this kind of detective work in coming to understand ourselves (Bem, 1972). From this perspective, it might be more reasonable to say we often learn about ourselves through extrospection rather than introspection.…”

Section: Self-processes Are Socialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Lieberman

2005

NeuroImage

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This article introduces the special issue of NeuroImage focused on social cognitive neuroscience. Social psychology has a rich history of making sense of the often paradoxical aspects of social cognition and the social world. This article reviews the principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition and behavior that have been examined by social psychologists for decades. Five principles of social cognition and behavior are reviewed including: (1) the power of the situation over behavior, (2) blindness for situational influences, (3) social perception and self-perception are constructive processes, (4) blindness for the constructed nature of social and self-perception, and (5) self-processes are social. Four processes of social cognition are reviewed including: (1) cognitive architecture; (2) automaticity and control; (3) motivated reasoning; and (4) accessibility, frames, and expectations. Finally, five areas of social cognition that contain enduring puzzles are described including (1) the self, (2) attitudes, (3) reflective social cognition, (4) automatic social cognition, and (5) social motives. In several of the areas of study reviewed, cognitive neuroscience is well positioned to make important contributions to these research traditions either by allowing for new tests of hypotheses or by allowing for unobtrusive measurement of social cognitive processes. D

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“…However, implicit and explicit evaluations can be positively correlated even if implicit measures tap associations that are unavailable to introspection. Following self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluations could reflect the quality of self-observation, not introspective access to the associations assessed by implicit measures. Some evaluations are consistent, practiced, clear, and distinct, leading perhaps to a relatively precise self-observation and strong I-E correspondence.…”

Section: Introspective (Un)awareness Of Implicitly Assessed Evaluationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderators of the Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Evaluation.

Nosek¹

2005

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

581

462

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Automatic and controlled modes of evaluation sometimes provide conflicting reports of the quality of social objects. This article presents evidence for 4 moderators of the relationship between automatic (implicit) and controlled (explicit) evaluations. Implicit and explicit preferences were measured for a variety of object pairs using a large sample. The average correlation was r ϭ .36, and 52 of the 57 object pairs showed a significant positive correlation. Results of multilevel modeling analyses suggested that (a) implicit and explicit preferences are related, (b) the relationship varies as a function of the objects assessed, and (c) at least 4 variables moderate the relationship: self-presentation, evaluative strength, dimensionality, and distinctiveness. The variables moderated implicit-explicit correspondence across individuals and accounted for much of the observed variation across content domains. The resulting model of the relationship between automatic and controlled evaluative processes is grounded in personal experience with the targets of evaluation.Keywords: implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, moderation, implicit-explicit correspondence, dualprocess models A persistent question for psychologists concerns how conscious experience corresponds with the content and processes of the mind. It is clear that conscious experience is not a direct reflection of mental operations and a variety of mental activities are unavailable to introspection (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977). This observation has been extended to attitudes, the association between a concept and an evaluation (Fazio, Chen, McDonel, & Sherman, 1982), by making a theoretical distinction between implicit and explicit evaluations. The former reflects evaluative information activated automatically and perhaps without intention or awareness; the latter reflects evaluations produced by controlled processes (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000).Measurement innovation has paralleled this theoretical innovation with the development of indirect means for assessing conceptevaluation associations. Results from indirect measures have surprised psychologists and respondents by often revealing evaluations that contradict those assessed directly. In comparison to explicit measures, implicit measures assess evaluation in constrained conditions that include one or more hallmarks of automaticity: unawareness, uncontrollability, lack of intention, or efficiency of processing (Bargh, 1994). Comparisons of implicit and explicit measures suggest that they tap related but distinct constructs (Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001;Greenwald & Farnham, 2000;Nosek & Smyth, 2005) and that both modes of evaluation may have important implications for social perception, judgment, and action (Banaji, 2001;Chen & Bargh, 1999;Devine, 1989;Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997;Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Greenwald & Nosek, 2001;Poehlman, Uhlmann, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2004). The purpose of this article is to...

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Self-Perception Theory

Cited by 3,797 publications

References 54 publications

Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger.

Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger.

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Moderators of the Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Evaluation.

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