Self‐Propelling Janus Particles for Hemostasis in Perforating and Irregular Wounds with Massive Hemorrhage

Abstract

Achieving rapid and safe control of perforating and irregular hemorrhage, defined as bleeding wounds with irregular external and internal wound shape, located deep within complex and covert hemorrhage sites, is vital to decrease the risk of mortality during prehospital treatments and surgical procedures. However, current hemostatic materials do not control hemorrhage effectively as their ability to access the bleeding source and coagulate blood is limited. Here, a biphasic Janus self-propelled hemostatic particle (MSS@CaCO 3) is prepared via uniaxial growth of flower-like calcium carbonate crystal (CaCO 3) on negatively-modified-microporous starch (MSS). The as-synthesized hemostatic particle (MSS@CaCO 3 T) is loaded with thrombin and powered by the internal component CaCO 3, with the collaborative use of protonated tranexamic acid. These particles are capable of traveling against the blood flow allowing them to access deep bleeding sites, inducing synergistic blood coagulation effects to effectively halt hemorrhaging. The self-propelling Janus hemostatic particle is sufficiently available in the deep bleeding sites of liver and femoral artery hemorrhage models, wherein the hemorrhage is rapidly controlled in ≈50 s and ≈3 min, respectively. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt of controlling hemorrhage using Janus hemostatic particles with a self-propelling property.

Microcluster colloidosomes for hemostat delivery into complex wounds: A platform inspired by the attack action of torpedoes

“…Quantitative analysis of the adhesion efficiency of platelets and erythrocytes was conducted as described in our previous study [ 8 ]. Briefly, fresh erythrocytes and platelet-rich plasma were separated from rabbit blood via centrifugation (1500 rpm, 5 min).…”

“…More than 50% of these deaths can be avoided if appropriate hemostatic materials are applied within the initial hour [ 3 ]. However, currently available hemostatic materials involving sponge-like chitosan dressing [ 4 ], modified chitosan powder [ 5 ], oxidized cellulose [ 6 ] and zeolite powder [ 7 ] can only cater to superficial, externally accessible, and compressible wounds and display low efficiency for severe trauma generated by small-caliber firearms or improvised explosive devices [ 8 ]. This is mainly because these hemostatic materials only accelerate the coagulation of supernatant blood on the wound surface and are incapable of penetrating the deep sites of wounds to activate clotting at the source of bleeding [ 9 ].…”

Dual-Driven Hemostats Featured with Puncturing Erythrocytes for Severe Bleeding in Complex Wounds

“…In the flow-liquid model, the ability of the applied MF to control the movement of SEC-Fe@Ca(+t) (abbreviated as SEC-Fe@Ca(+t+M)) against flowing fluid was investigated. A fluid-propelling device was constructed in-house as we previously reported [ 13 ]. The device comprised a glass tube connected to an injection pump at one end and Y-shaped bifurcated junction at the other end.…”

“…Insufficient adaptation to hemorrhagic hemocoels probably leaves part of the bleeding sites without external hemostatic treatment, thus prolonging the hemostasis time [ 2 , 3 ]. To address the insufficient adaptation issue, powered hemostat systems with gas-propelling properties have been developed to facilitate better contact with bleeding sites, especially in irregular wounds [ 12 , 13 ]. For example, a Janus particle system composed of microporous starch@CaCO 3 can generate CO 2 bubbles upon contacting blood with the synergistic use of protonated tranexamic acid (TXA-NH 3 + ).…”

“…During the bubble release, a propulsion force is generated to push the particles upstream. Because the propulsion force of the bubbles occur in various directions, each particle travels in random directions, and thus full contact is achieved between the hemostatic agent and bleeding sites [ 13 ]. Unfortunately, the solo gas-propelling force may be not lasting when CaCO 3 was depleted gradually, failing to deliver particles to the bleeding sites at the bottom of deep severe wounds.…”