The theory of the "self' as applied to group psychotherapy has had particular meaning in this age and culture wherein people strive for independence, autonomy, and self-sufficiency, but all too often at the cost of alienation from others. The much-talked about phenomenon of the "me" culture can be viewed as a product of the times we live in, but a closer look also reveals it to be a common compensatory response to psychological factors going back to an early period of life when a child's developmental needs were misunderstood, ignored, mocked, overvalued, or overwhelmed by caretakers who could not relate to the child phase-appropriately. In such a case, a foundation for good-enough object relations never emerged. Children who experienced little or no enthusiastic responsiveness from such caretakers, except perhaps by taking on a submissive, compliant false self, can hardly be expected to relate spontaneously and with mature reciprocation. This paper discusses clinical issues in group psychotherapy with narcissistic and borderline patients; but first a brief review of the principal concepts of self psychology will be useful, especially more recent developments. For a deeper immersion into the earlier concepts, Kohut and Wolfs article (1978) and Kohut's last two books (1977, 1984) are recommended.
THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTSSelf psychology views development as a continuum. The infant and child require special attunement and responsiveness to their psychobiological states by their caretakers if psychological growth and development are to continue without major injury or derailment. Winnicott (1947Winnicott ( , 1960aWinnicott ( , 1960bWinnicott ( , 1962 regarded as adequate the natural, good-enough responsiveness of a caretaker. Kohut (1966Kohut ( , 1971Kohut ( , 1972Kohut ( , 1977Kohut ( , 1984, however, perceived that adequacy was not enough--that empathic responsivity was necessary for development to proceed. In therapy, on the other hand, the empathic introspective approach consists of a mode of listening, sensing, and a temporary immersion into the feeling state of the other, only for the purpose of understanding that state, without losing one's own boundaries. He emphasized that empathy is not the same as sympathy or just being kind.