Conspectus
Marine organisms such as barnacle larvae and
spores of algae adhere
to underwater surfaces leading to marine biofouling. This phenomenon
has numerous adverse impacts on marine industries and maritime activities.
Due to the diversity of fouling organisms and the complexity of the
marine environment, it is a huge challenge to combat marine biofouling,
which limits the development and utilization of marine resources.
Since the International Marine Organization banned the use of tributyltin
self-polishing copolymer (SPC) coatings in 2008, the development of
an environmentally friendly and efficient anti-biofouling polymer
has been the most important task in this field. Tin-free SPC is a
well-established and widely used polymer binder for anti-biofouling
coating today. Being a nondegradable vinyl polymer, SPC exhibits poor
anti-biofouling performance in static conditions. Even more, such
nondegradable polymers were considered to be a source of microplastics
by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in 2019.
Recently, numerous degradable polymers, which can form dynamic surface
through main chain scission, have been developed for preventing marine
biofouling in static conditions. Nevertheless, the regulation of their
degradation and mechanical properties is limited, and they are also
difficult to functionalize. A new polymer combining the advantages
of vinyl polymers and degradable polymers is needed. However, such
a combination is a challenge since the former are synthesized via
free radical polymerization whereas the latter are synthesized via
ring-opening polymerization.
In this Account, we review our
recent progress toward degradable
vinyl polymers for marine anti-biofouling in terms of polymerization
methods and structures and properties of polymers. First, we introduce
the strategies for preparing degradable vinyl polymers with an emphasis
on hybrid copolymerization. Then, we present the synthesis and performance
of degradable and hydrolyzable polyacrylates, degradable polyurethanes
with hydrolyzable side groups, and surface-fragmenting hyperbranched
polymers. Polymers with degradable main chains and hydrolyzable side
groups combine the advantages of SPC and degradable polymers, so they
are degradable and functional. They are becoming new-generation polymers
with great potential for preparing high-efficiency, long-lasting,
environmentally friendly and broad-spectrum coatings to inhibit marine
biofouling. They can also find applications in wastewater treatment,
biomedical materials, and other fields.