Self-Report Versus Direct Measurement for Assessment of Fluid Intake During a 70.3-Mile Triathlon

Wilson, Patrick B.; Rhodes, Gregory; Ingraham, Stacy J.

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0358

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…This study was conducted following a cross-sectional design, and the findings were based on self-report; caution must be warranted with the interpretation of the study findings. However, it has been documented that self-reports of this type of variable are valid if they are collected immediately or shortly after an event [ 89 ]. Given the sex-based nature of the present investigation, the unbalanced distribution of female and male runners (58% vs. 42%, respectively) in the total participants and amongst different subgroups might also be considered a limitation affecting the findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2021

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It has been well-documented that female and male athletes differ in many physiological and psychological characteristics related to endurance performance. This sex-based difference appears to be associated with their nutritional demands including the patterns of supplement intake. However, there is a paucity of research addressing the sex differences in supplement intake amongst distance runners. The present study aimed to investigate and compare supplement intake between female and male distance runners (10 km, half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon) and the potential associations with diet type and race distance. A total of 317 runners participated in an online survey, and 220 distance runners (127 females and 93 males) made up the final sample after a multi-stage data clearance. Participants were also assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) subgroups. Sociodemographic characteristics and the patterns of supplement intake including type, frequency, dosage, and brands were collected using a questionnaire. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A total of 54.3% of female runners and 47.3% male runners reported consuming supplements regularly. The frequency of supplement intake was similar between females and males (generally or across dietary and distance subgroups). There was no significant relationship for sex alone or sex interactions with diet type and race distance on supplement intake (p < 0.05). However, a non-significant higher intake of vitamin and mineral (but not CHO/protein) supplements was reported by vegan and vegetarian (but not by omnivorous) females compared to their male counterparts. In summary, despite the reported findings, sex could not be considered as a strong modulator of supplement intake among different groups of endurance runners.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2021

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“…Another limitation of the present study could be the impossibility of conducting statistical analysis for inconsistent and incomplete open comments provided by runners, which compelled the authors to report the relevant findings inclusively. However, self-reports for this type of variable are valid if they are collected immediately or shortly after an event [ 66 ]. In this study, the average time between completion of the last event and completion of the questionnaire by the participants was unknown (see the fifth inclusion criteria): self-reports refer to at least one adequate running event completed within the past two years).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplement Intake in Recreational Vegan, Vegetarian, and Omnivorous Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2021

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Nutrient deficiency is a common cause of underperformance in endurance athletes, and supplement intake is frequently considered compensatory for vegan and vegetarian athletes specifically. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous distance (>10 km) runners and its association with age, sex, and race distance. From a total of 317 runners who participated in an online survey, 220 distance runners (mean age: 38.5 years; mean BMI: 21.75 kg/m2) were selected for the final sample after data clearance and assigned to 100 omnivores, 40 vegetarians, or 80 vegans. Sociodemographic information, racing experience, and patterns of supplement intake, including type, frequency, dosage, etc., were collected using a questionnaire. Macronutrient intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. The prevalence of supplement intake was 51% for total runners and 72% among vegan runners. Age, sex, and race distance had no significant effect on the type of supplement intake (p > 0.05). Compared to omnivores and vegetarians, vegan runners reported consuming more vitamin (but not carbohydrate/protein or mineral) supplements (p < 0.05). Vitamin B12, magnesium, and multivitamin had the most prevalent use amongst micronutrient supplements. This study points to a central role for supplementary nutritional strategies in different groups of distance runners. The present findings may help future investigations by design to identify specific requirements of endurance runners when adhering to specific kinds of diet particularly plant-based diets.

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“…Self-reported fluid intake during exercise may have been subject to estimation error. Indirectly assessing fluid volumes has been proposed as a valid methodology when larger sample sizes are investigated [15], although differences between self-reported and direct measurements have been observed in some individuals when using the same survey methodology, and this is a limitation one must consider when reflecting and interpreting the results of this study. Finally, the study protocol was not designed to directly assess participants’ hydration status before and after exercise to determine whether fluid intake was sufficient to compensate for fluid losses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…According to previous literature, self-reporting of hydration strategies has been suggested as a valid methodology when larger sample sizes are investigated [15]. Participants were asked to indicate if they drank from a bottle, the volume of that bottle, the number of bottles, and the percentage of the total volume consumed from the last bottle, following established protocols for fluid volume estimations [15]. If they did not drink from a bottle, they were asked to skip the question since an accurate estimation of sips/fluid volume was not possible.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, participants were asked to report what their beverage of choice was, and the quantity (L) drunk during a typical training bout. According to previous literature, self-reporting of hydration strategies has been suggested as a valid methodology when larger sample sizes are investigated [15]. Participants were asked to indicate if they drank from a bottle, the volume of that bottle, the number of bottles, and the percentage of the total volume consumed from the last bottle, following established protocols for fluid volume estimations [15].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluid Intake Habits in Type 1 Diabetes Individuals during Typical Training Bouts

et al. 2018

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Background/Aims: Hyperglycemia may influence the hydration status in diabetic individuals. During exercise, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) individuals may be challenged by a higher risk of dehydration due to a combination of fluid losses from sweat and increased urine output via glycosuria. So far, no study has characterised spontaneous fluid intake in T1DM individuals during active trainings. Methods: A validated questionnaire was used to assess T1DM participants’ diabetes therapy, sports characteristics and fluid intake during training; results were then compared to an age- and sport-matched sample of non-diabetic individuals. Results: Ninety individuals completed the survey (n = 45 T1DM individuals, n = 45 matched controls). A proportion of T1DM individuals reported blood glucose levels greater than 10.0 mmol at both the start (28.9%) and end (24.4%) of the exercise. The mean self-reported fluid intake was greater in T1DM (0.60 ± 0.47 L·h^–1) compared to that of the control (0.37 ± 0.28 L·h^–1, p < 0.05). In spite of drinking fluid volumes in line with international guidelines, 84.4% of those with T1DM reported that they were still feeling thirsty at the end of their training session. Conclusions: T1DM individuals self-report spontaneously consuming fluid adequate volumes suggested by sport nutrition guidelines for non-diabetic athletes. Discrepancies in the T1DM subjectively reported feelings of thirst suggest that more education on hydration during exercise is needed for this population to adequately compensate for elevated blood glucose levels. It remains to be established whether fluid volumes suggested for healthy athletes are adequate for maintaining euhydration in T1DM patients due to their altered diuresis.

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Self-Report Versus Direct Measurement for Assessment of Fluid Intake During a 70.3-Mile Triathlon

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Supplement Intake in Recreational Vegan, Vegetarian, and Omnivorous Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Fluid Intake Habits in Type 1 Diabetes Individuals during Typical Training Bouts

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