Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Health: Scientific Advances, Ongoing Controversies, and Emerging Issues

Lewis, Tené T.; Cogburn, Courtney D.; Williams, Daniel

doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728

Cited by 802 publications

(834 citation statements)

References 185 publications

(258 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

786

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…21 22 Self reported discrimination is adversely related to a broad range of health outcomes, preclinical indicators of disease (such as cortisol and inflammatory dysregulation, visceral fat, and shorter telomeres), and health risk behaviours. [23][24][25][26] Evidence of effective strategies Diversity in teams has many benefits, including improved innovation, creativity, and decision making, which can lead to breakthrough discoveries and improve corporate profits. [27][28][29][30] Several studies show that racially diverse groups outperform homogenous groups in decision making tasks that require information sharing.…”

Section: Discrimination Experienced By Nhs Staffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting equality for ethnic minority NHS staff—what works?

Priest

Esmail

Kline

et al. 2015

BMJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Discrimination Experienced By Nhs Staffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting equality for ethnic minority NHS staff—what works?

Priest

Esmail

Kline

et al. 2015

BMJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, there is debate in the literature as to whether racial/ ethnic discrimination is more deleterious to health than other forms of discrimination (18). Few studies examining discrimination and CVD risk factors have clearly distinguished between race-based and nonracial discrimination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Discrimination and Incident Cardiovascular Events

Everson‐Rose¹,

Lutsey²,

Roetker³

et al. 2015

Am. J. Epidemiol.

Self Cite

107

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Perceived discrimination is positively related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors; its relationship with incident CVD is unknown. Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a population-based multiethnic cohort study of 6,508 adults aged 45-84 years who were initially free of clinical CVD, we examined lifetime discrimination (experiences of unfair treatment in 6 life domains) and everyday discrimination (frequency of day-to-day occurrences of perceived unfair treatment) in relation to incident CVD. During a median 10.1 years of follow-up (2000-2011), 604 incident events occurred. Persons reporting lifetime discrimination in ≥2 domains (versus none) had increased CVD risk, after adjustment for race/ethnicity and sociodemographic factors, behaviors, and traditional CVD risk factors (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.70) and after control for chronic stress and depressive symptoms (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.60). Reported discrimination in 1 domain was unrelated to CVD (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.30). There were no differences by race/ethnicity, age, or sex. In contrast, everyday discrimination interacted with sex (P = 0.03). Stratified models showed increased risk only among men (for each 1-standard deviation increase in score, adjusted HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.27); controlling for chronic stress and depressive symptoms slightly reduced this association (HR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.25). This study suggests that perceived discrimination is adversely related to CVD risk in middle-aged and older adults. cardiovascular disease; discrimination; race/ethnicity; risk factors Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Racial/ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the United States are well-documented (1) but not clearly understood. Experiences of ethnic discrimination and racism have long been considered to contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in CVD rates (2), but evidence for this is scarce. As several reviews have highlighted (3-6), much of the extant literature on perceived discrimination and racism has focused on mental health consequences; more recently, studies have linked discrimination to physical health outcomes, including several indicators of cardiovascular health and functioning, such as higher prevalence of carotid artery atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcification, higher blood pressure, greater visceral fat and central adiposity, and higher levels of C-reactive protein and E-selectin (7-16).Evidence linking discrimination to CVD risk factors is inconsistent, with positive, null, and conditional associations that vary by race/ethnicity and/or sex being observed (see Lewis et al. (2) and Williams et al. (17) for reviews). Moreover, there is debate in the literature as to whether racial/ ethnic discrimination is more deleterious to health than other forms of discrimination (18). Few studies examining discrimination and CVD risk factors...

show abstract

“…Indeed, a recent study by Ray (2017) suggests that middle class Black men are less likely to be physically active in predominantly White neighborhoods than in racially diverse or predominantly Black neighborhoods because they do not feel comfortable in these spaces due to negative stereotypes about the criminality of Black men. Moreover, Lewis, Cogburn, & Williams (2015) posit that macro-level or large-scale stressors such as highly-publicized instances of police brutality and wrongful convictions are likely to cause distress for minorities. Awareness of these incidents may be particularly stressful for Black men given that they are often the victims of these tragic events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial Mechanisms Underlying Older Black Men’s Health

Brown

Hargrove

2017

The Journals of Gerontology: Series B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: To evaluate the psychosocial mechanisms underlying older Black men's self-rated health, we examined: (a) the individual, cumulative, and collective effects of stressors on health; (b) the direct effects of psychosocial resources on health; and (c) the stress-moderating effects of psychosocial resources. Method: This study is based on a nationally representative sample of Black men aged 51-81 (N = 593) in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models of the psychosocial determinants of self-rated health draw on data from the HRS 2010 and 2012 Core datasets and Psychosocial Modules. Results: Each of the six measures of stressors as well as a cumulative measure of stressors are predictive of worse self-rated health. However, when considered collectively, only two stressors (chronic strains and traumatic events) have statistically significant effects. Furthermore, two of the five psychosocial resources examined (mastery and optimism) have statistically significant protective effects, and prayer moderates the harmful effects of traumatic events on self-rated health. Discussion: Conventional measures of stressors and coping resources-originally developed to account for variance in health outcomes among predominantly white samples-may not capture psychosocial factors most salient for older Black men's health. Future research should incorporate psychosocial measures that reflect their unique experiences.

show abstract

Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Health: Scientific Advances, Ongoing Controversies, and Emerging Issues

Cited by 802 publications

References 185 publications

Promoting equality for ethnic minority NHS staff—what works?

Promoting equality for ethnic minority NHS staff—what works?

Perceived Discrimination and Incident Cardiovascular Events

Psychosocial Mechanisms Underlying Older Black Men’s Health

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About