Self-Reported Use and Attitudes Toward Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Ultramarathon Running

Campian, Michael D.; Flis, Alexandra; Teramoto, Masaru; Cushman, Daniel M.

doi:10.1016/j.wem.2018.04.004

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The strength of this study is the online recruitment of a relatively large sample in a short amount of time. Community-based adult athletes have been infrequently studied with respect to cannabis use, patterns of use, or subjective effects to cannabis (Campian et al 2018). Most studies of cannabis use in athletes have been mainly in adolescents, university athletes, and elite athletes (Ware et al 2018;Buckman et al 2011;Peretti-Watel et al 2003a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age related differences in cannabis use and subjective effects in a large population-based survey of adult athletes

Zeiger¹,

Silvers

Fleegler³

et al. 2019

J Cannabis Res

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Background: There is a paucity of information regarding cannabis use behaviors in adult community-based athletes as most research in athletes has focused on misuse of cannabis in elite, adolescent, university-based athletes. We aimed to determine whether age related differences exist in patterns of cannabis use and subjective effects to cannabis in adult athletes. Methods:The Athlete PEACE Survey used mainly social media and email blasts to recruit and SurveyGizmo to collect data. Cannabis patterns of use (duration of use, frequency of use, routes of administration, cannabinoid used, concurrent use with exercise), benefits, and adverse effects were reported. Age was reported by decade from 21 to ≥60. Age trends in cannabis use patterns and subjective effects were assessed using linear trend analysis.Results: Of the 1161 participants, 301 (26%) athletes currently used cannabis. Younger athletes compared to older athletes reported significantly more positive and adverse subjective effects to cannabis, used cannabis longer, and used both tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol for medical and recreational purposes. Younger athletes used cannabis concurrently with exercise more often than older athletes and consumed edibles, vaporized, and smoked more than older athletes. Conclusions:We found age-related cannabis patterns of use and subjective effects to cannabis. Concerns about cannabis mis-use and abuse in athletes maybe overstated with the potential benefits (improved sleep, decreased anxiety, less pain) outweighing the adverse effects (increased anxiety, increased appetite, difficulty concentrating).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age related differences in cannabis use and subjective effects in a large population-based survey of adult athletes

Zeiger¹,

Silvers

Fleegler³

et al. 2019

J Cannabis Res

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“…A complete overview over the bias check is presented in Supplementary material 1: Table H. Only three studies were identified for selective reporting (Candela et al, 2014;Desalegn et al, 2016;Soltanabadi et al, 2015), just like only seven studies indicated high risk for correlation biases (Campian et al, 2018;Kavussanu et al, 2016;Mudrak et al, 2018;Nicholls et al, 2019b;Ogama et al, 2019;Sukys &Karanauskiene, 2020 andWang et al, 2020). High risk for socially desired responding style was identified in the vast majority of the studies.…”

Section: Bias Assessment Within Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Folkerts

Loh

Petróczi

et al. 2021

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Doping is an omnipresent issue in both professional and amateur sports. Advances in social science research, including studies on doping attitude, have played a pivotal role in developing an understanding that prohibition and testing alone do not deter athletes from doping. Research on doping attitude has relied heavily on the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Yet, to date, no systematic review and meta-analysis of the PEAS have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is, for the first time, to cumulate evidence for the psychometric properties of PEAS; specifically to conduct a qualitative synthesis and perform a meta-analysis to analyze the available results and findings for internal consistency reliability, gender differences and user/non-user differences in doping attitude assessed by the PEAS. PRISMA protocol was employed for data identification and selection. Included articles were assessed for data quality and biases. Meta-analysis with random effects models was used to determine overall internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and descriptive statistics (Mean, SD) for a subset of studies using the full 17-item PEAS. Eighty-two studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis, and a subsample of 42 studies were meta-analyzed. The quantitative analyses yield an overall PEAS score of 39.18 (2.30 on a 6-point scale) and Cronbach's alpha of .85. Males and admitted doping users scored higher on PEAS then females and non-users, but still within the 'negative' spectrum. Medium to strong correlations were recorded with moral disengagement (r = .42-.75). The meta-analysis showed good level of internal consistency reliability for the PEAS. Overall, negative doping attitude characterized the athlete population, regardless of gender or involvement in doping. The latter, coupled with sole reliance on self-reports for doping, questions the validity of PEAS as proxy for indexing doping behavior. Future research will benefit from a standardized short version of PEAS. The evident moral angle of the PEAS limits the scale's utility as a global attitude measure and warrants recalibration of the scale as a measure of moral doping attitude. Advances in doping behavior research calls for a more nuanced understanding of the role of attitudes toward doping and clean sport behavior; new and more specific attitude measures toward doping that separate moral and functional aspects effectively, along with a psychometrically sound instrument for adolescents.

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“…Furthermore, doping past-year prevalence estimates of 6.5% ( Molero et al, 2017 ) and 8.2% ( Stubbe et al, 2014 ) as well as lifetime prevalence estimates of 12.5% ( Simon et al, 2006 ) and 14.0% ( Mooney et al, 2017 ) are reported in fitness center members. For recreational endurance athletes, prevalence estimates for doping of 8.1% ( Locquet et al, 2017 ) and 8.4% ( Campian et al, 2018 ) are reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Heller¹,

Ulrich

Simon

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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Introduction: The current literature provides no consensus that nutritional supplements (NS) may provide a gateway to doping. In particular, studies in recreational athletes are lacking. Within a previous cross-sectional empirical study, our group provided first evidence that the use of NS may provide a gateway for the use of doping substances in recreational triathletes. For the present paper, we refine the analysis of the triathletes' survey in order to provide evidence for a NS gateway hypothesis in recreational athletes. Methods: A self-report, paper-and-pencil questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 2,997 competitive ironman and half-ironman (n = 1,076; 36.1%) triathletes. The randomized response technique (RRT) was used to assess the 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances. The prevalence for the use of NS was assessed by using direct questioning. Two-tailed (α = 0.05) large-sample z-tests were performed to assess whether the estimated prevalence for the use of doping substances differs significantly between users and nonusers of NS. Results: The 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances is significantly higher in athletes who report using NS (20.6%) compared to those who do not (11.4%; z = 2.595, p = 0.0097). Conclusion: The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that the use of NS provides a gateway to the use of doping substances. Therefore, doping prevention concepts should not primarily focus on preventing the use of doping substances per se, but should start one step earlier, namely by the use of NS.

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Self-Reported Use and Attitudes Toward Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Ultramarathon Running

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

Age related differences in cannabis use and subjective effects in a large population-based survey of adult athletes

Age related differences in cannabis use and subjective effects in a large population-based survey of adult athletes

The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

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