Self-reported work-sampling methods for evaluating pharmaceutical services

Nickman, Nancy A.; Guerrero, Rawley M.; Bair, Jan N.

doi:10.1093/ajhp/47.7.1611

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This method does not provide information about either the quality of the work or how it is performed. It is also limited in providing a measure of the complexities of work [16] and only provides an estimate of the proportion of time an employee spends on any one activity [17]. There is also the possibility of falsification of data in self-report studies [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A self-reported work-sampling study in community pharmacy practice: a 2009 update

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A self-reported work-sampling study in community pharmacy practice: a 2009 update

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The traditional methods for time measurement comprise either the subjective estimation by the actors themselves in a survey, or the objective measurement by a trained observer. The second method is typically preferred, as the first one only provides an imprecise, and potentially biased, measure of activity [11]. For objective time measurements, the two most widely-used approaches are time-motion studies, as introduced by F. W. Tayler (in the 1880s) [12], and work sampling, as introduced by L. H. C. Tippett (in the 1930s) [13].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sittig [20] recommends fixed intervals for observation of random work activities such as the hospitalrelated activities in our study. For fixed observations, Nickman [11] recommends a minimum of eight observations per hour. With 30 observations per hour, we were well over this limit.…”

Section: Strengths and Weaknesses Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 2-minute interval observations placed a high workload on the observer, but guaranteed that the ac tivities of a short duration were captured, which increased the precision of our measurements. Instead of using a paper-based work-sampling form, in order to reduce the time needed for data analysis as well as to eliminate transcription errors, the use of a PDA for activity documentation might have been helpful, as, for example, proposed by [34] and used in studies by [11,26].…”

Section: Strengths and Weaknesses Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Time Needed for Clinical Documentation versus Direct Patient Care

Spötl¹,

Ammenwerth²

2009

Methods Inf Med

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Objectives: Health care professionals seem to be confronted with an increasing need for high-quality, timely, patient-oriented documentation. However, a steady increase in documentation tasks has been shown to be associated with increased time pressure and low physician job satisfaction. Our objective was to examine the time physicians spend on clinical and administrative documentation tasks. We analyzed the time needed for clinical and administrative documentation, and compared it to other tasks, such as direct patient care. Methods: During a 2-month period (December 2006 to January 2007) a trained investigator completed 40 hours of 2-minute work-sampling analysis from eight participating physicians on two internal medicine wards of a 200-bed hospital in Austria. A 37-item classifica tion system was applied to categorize tasks into five categories (direct patient care, communication, clinical documentation, administrative documentation, other). Results: From the 5555 observation points, physicians spent 26.6% of their daily working time for documentation tasks, 27.5% for direct patient care, 36.2% for communication tasks, and 9.7% for other tasks. The documentation that is typically seen as administrative takes only approx. 16% of the total documentation time. Conclusions: Nearly as much time is being spent for documentation as is spent on direct patient care. Computer-based tools and, in some areas, documentation assistants may help to reduce the clinical and administrative documentation efforts.

show abstract

“…Random sampling is preferred, to minimise the coincidence of observations with cyclical event^.^ Consequently, data generated are more likely to be truly representative of the time period under s t~d y .~ However, if activities are not cyclical in nature, measurement bias is minimised and fixed interval sampling may be e m p l~y e d .~ A comparison of the two methods was conducted in an American community pharmacy, with no statistically significant differences evident . 5 The number of observations required for accurate representation of activities has been calculated statistically. Barnes' presented a table listing the number of observations required for description of activities with varying levels of accuracy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Work sampling observations of community pharmacists: a review

Emmerton

Jefferson

1996

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Activities undertaken by community pharmacists may be monitored in individual pharmacies to analyse the division of labour before and after changes in work practices, and for general insight into the current roles of pharmacists. Studies based in community pharmacies have used work sampling techniques, with activities recorded by observers at defined intervals. Sampling methods and the selection of observation periods have varied between studies, with activities recorded at one-to-five-.minute intervals or at random. Differing classifications of activities also limit the comparison of findings. There exists a need for further research in this area to address sampling issues and limitations imposed by observers in pharmacies and to provide data relevant to present day practice.

show abstract

Self-reported work-sampling methods for evaluating pharmaceutical services

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

A self-reported work-sampling study in community pharmacy practice: a 2009 update

A self-reported work-sampling study in community pharmacy practice: a 2009 update

The Time Needed for Clinical Documentation versus Direct Patient Care

Work sampling observations of community pharmacists: a review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About