Self-supported binder-free hard carbon electrodes for sodium-ion batteries: insights into their sodium storage mechanisms

Beda, A. G.; Villevieille, Claire; Taberna, Pierre‐Louis; Simon, Patrice; Ghimbeu, Camélia Matei

doi:10.1039/c9ta13189b

Cited by 70 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…Of these, quinones are the most stable and the presence of an important amount could cause the release of CO at higher temperatures. Compared to other hard carbons reported in the literature [35,50,51] showing a large pallet of stable oxygen-based groups, the desorption profiles herein are very different.…”

Section: Hard Carbon Surface Chemistry/defectscontrasting

confidence: 87%

“…Considering the most recent reports on Na storage mechanisms [50,51,57,58], the slope capacity is assign to adsorption of Na + in the porosity and on the active sites while the low voltage plateau is related to Na + intercalation between the graphene plans. It is important to mention, however, that this mechanism is still under debate [52,59,60], the reason behind being the complex HC structure leading to ambiguous interpretations.…”

Section: Hard Carbon Electrochemical Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of biomass inorganic impurities on hard carbon properties and performance in Na-ion batteries

Beda

Meins

Taberna

et al. 2020

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

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Biomass waste recently emerged as efficient precursors for hard carbon anode preparation for Na-ion batteries. Despite their very complex microstructure (organic/inorganic) there is a lack of knowledge about their impact on carbon formation. In this paper, the influence of inorganic impurities of three raw local biomass wastes (asparagus, grape and potato) on the hard carbon properties and on their electrochemical performance is investigated, by performing a washing step either before or after the thermal treatment (TT) at 1300 °C. When washing was done after the TT (with HCl), most of crystalline inorganic impurities (K, Ca, Si, Mg-based compounds) could be significantly removed. This triggered the increase of ultramicroporosity along with mesoporosity formation and graphite interlayer space (d002) contraction. Such observations are less pronounced on grape derived carbon due to the inorganic's catalytic induced local graphitization during pyrolysis. The oxygen content in the pristine carbons was high, owing to the presence of inorganic metal oxides and carbonates, and could be diminished after washing along with the amount of defects. Thus, the carbon content and the electronic conductivity of the materials were enhanced. The electrochemical performance improvement after washing was limited since the positive effect brought by impurities removal was negatively compensated by the changes occurring in the materials, particularly the increase in the specific surface area. Diffrently, the washing done before the TT (with water) induced only fewer changes on the materials porosity and structure and slightly improved capacity (from 215 to 230 mAh g −1). Furthermore, higher pyrolysis temperature (1400 °C) on washed HCs afforded a better reversible capacity up to 280 mAh g −1. This comprehensive study opens the door for green and mild synthesis approach to be further explored for sustainable fabrication of hard carbon for Na-ion batteries.

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Section: Hard Carbon Surface Chemistry/defectscontrasting

confidence: 87%

Section: Hard Carbon Electrochemical Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of biomass inorganic impurities on hard carbon properties and performance in Na-ion batteries

Beda

Meins

Taberna

et al. 2020

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Hard Carbon Surface Chemistry/defectscontrasting

confidence: 87%

“…In the case of HC derived from pristine grape waste, a smaller reversible capacity was obtained (153 mAh g −1 ) and might be associated to the lower d-spacing and amount of defects. Considering the most recent reports on Na storage mechanisms [50,51,57,58], the slope capacity is assign to adsorption of Na + in the porosity and on the active sites while the low voltage plateau is related to Na + intercalation between the graphene plans. It is important to mention, however, that this mechanism is still under debate [52,59,60], the reason behind being the complex HC structure leading to ambiguous interpretations.…”

Section: Hard Carbon Electrochemical Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) impurities drastically impact the outcome of nanoparticle syntheses

Amri

Roger

2020

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Biomass waste recently emerged as efficient precursors for hard carbon anode preparation for Na-ion batteries. Despite their very complex microstructure (organic/inorganic) there is a lack of knowledge about their impact on carbon formation. In this paper, the influence of inorganic impurities of three raw local biomass wastes (aspara-gus, grape and potato) on the hard carbon properties and on their electrochemical performance is investigated, by performing a washing step either before or after the thermal treatment (TT) at 1300 °C. When washing was done after the TT (with HCl), most of crystalline inorganic impurities (K, Ca, Si, Mg -based compounds) could be significantly removed. This triggered the increase of ultramicroporosity along with mesoporosity formation and graphite interlayer space (d 002 ) contraction. Such observations are less pronounced on grape derived carbon due to the inorganic's catalytic induced local graphitization during pyrolysis. The oxygen content in the pristine carbons was high, owing to the presence of inorganic metal oxides and carbonates, and could be diminished after washing along with the amount of defects. Thus, the carbon content and the electronic conductivity of the mate-rials were enhanced. The electrochemical performance improvement after washing was limited since the posi-tive effect brought by impurities removal was negatively compensated by the changes occurring in the materials, particularly the increase in the specific surface area. Diffrently, the washing done before the TT (with water) induced only fewer changes on the materials porosity and structure and slightly improved capacity (from 215 to 230 mAh g −1 ). Furthermore, higher pyrolysis temperature (1400 °C) on washed HCs afforded a bet-ter reversible capacity up to 280 mAh g −1 . This comprehensive study opens the door for green and mild synthesis approach to be further explored for sustainable fabrication of hard carbon for Na-ion batteries.

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“…Hierarchy in solids is mainly understood as the occurrence of structural elements with different dimensions in a single material. A prominent example is nanostructured carbon, where a combination of heteroatom doping, porosity and the introduction of metal(-oxide) nanoparticles leads to significantly improved performance when the materials are applied as electrodes for energy generation and conversion [6][7][8]. Further improvements are observable when these concepts are transferred to monoliths with macroscopic dimensions [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropic Magnetism in Gradient Porous Carbon Composite Aerogels

Bahner

Hug

Polarz

2021

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Porosity is of high importance for functional materials, as it allows for high surface areas and the accessibility of materials. While the fundamental interplay between different pore sizes and functionalities is quite well understood, few studies on gradually changing properties in a material exist. To date, only a few examples of such materials have been synthesized successfully. Herein, we present a facile method for synthesizing macroscopic carbon aerogels with locally changing pore sizes and functionalities. We used ultracentrifugation to fractionate differently functionalized and sized polystyrene nanoparticles. The assembly into gradient templates was conducted in a resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) sol, which acted as a liquid phase and carbon precursor. We show that the modification of nanoparticles and a sol–gel precursor is a powerful tool for introducing dopants (sulfur and phosphorous) and metal nanoparticles (e.g., Ni) into gradient porous carbons formed during the carbonization of the RF sol. Understanding the underlying interactions between particles and precursors will lead to a plethora of possibilities in the material design of complex functionally graded materials. We showed this by exchanging parts of the template with magnetite–polystyrene composites as templating nanoparticles. This led to the incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles in the formed gradient porous carbon aerogels. Finally, gradually increasing concentrations of magnetite were obtained, ultimately leading to macroscopic carbon aerogels with locally changing magnetic properties, while the graded porosity was maintained.

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Self-supported binder-free hard carbon electrodes for sodium-ion batteries: insights into their sodium storage mechanisms

Abstract: Binder-free self-supported hard carbon electrodes derived from biopolymer filter papers impregnated with phenolic resin were designed to study Na storage mechanisms. Experimental evidence of Na intercalation in the low voltage plateau was found.

Cited by 70 publications

References 55 publications

Impact of biomass inorganic impurities on hard carbon properties and performance in Na-ion batteries

Impact of biomass inorganic impurities on hard carbon properties and performance in Na-ion batteries

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) impurities drastically impact the outcome of nanoparticle syntheses

Anisotropic Magnetism in Gradient Porous Carbon Composite Aerogels

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