“… CuO + OH − ⇔ Cu 2 normalO + normalH 2 normalO + normalO 2 Furthermore, Cu-based oxides possess remarkable HER activity owing to their low energy barrier for hydrogen adsorption . Recently, various self-supported Cu-based oxides have gained attention as HER, OER, and bifunctional water-splitting catalysts. , However, the electrochemical properties of Cu-based materials are still lagging behind Ni-, Co-, or Fe-based materials . Therefore, it is important to search for efficient Cu-based electrocatalysts that are comparable to or better than the well-known Ni-, Co-, or Fe-based electrocatalysts.…”