“…Others are questioning many features of orthodox programing, and are accumulating evidence concerning basic concepts thereof (Gagne, 1962;Silberman, 1962;Pressey, 1963). In the Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the Division of Military Psychology, September 5, 1961, Gagne questioned well-known learn ing principles such as reinforcement, distribution of practice, and re sponse familiarity on the improvement of training.…”