Self-Tuning Multiport Resonant DC/DC Converter Based on Actively-Controlled Inductors for Hybrid Storage System Integration

Submodule Capacitor Voltage Balancing Through High-Frequency-Side Control for Multiport MMC-Based Solid-State Transformers

“…where Gmf and Gmb are the gains for forward and backward power flows, vs ' = nvs is the secondary-side voltage referred to the primary side, vpx is the primary-side voltage, Zm = sLm, Zrp = sLrp + 1/sCrp, Zrs ' = n 2 (sLrs + 1/sCrs), and Rac ' = 8n 2 RL/π 2 is the AC equivalent resistance that is derived from [35].…”

EV Hybrid Battery with Integrated Multilevel Neutral-Point-Clamped Interfacing and Lossless Module State-of-Charge Balancing

“…LECTRIC vehicles (EVs) are expected to play an essential role in the transition toward a low-carbon economy globally, as can be depicted by most countries' climate commitments. EVs of different nature, from a small commuter to heavy commercial vehicles, greatly differ in their battery requirements: energy, power [1], charging time [2], regeneration capacity, cost, and cycle life, among others. They must also be fulfilled for different conditions of the EV's battery: state-of-charge (SoC), temperature, etc.…”

“…On the other hand, in active systems, the inclusion of a power converter interface increases the available degrees of freedom for the system configuration. The interface of the storage elements can be implemented through a single two-level power converter [8], [12]- [14], a converter for each element [1], [15], [16], a threelevel neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter [17], and cascaded H-bridge converters [9], among others [18], [19].…”

A Survey on Multi-Active Bridge DC-DC Converters: Power Flow Decoupling Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

“…The features and capability of the MAB converter have made it a suitable candidate for a wide range of applications and it has gained the interest of many researchers. MAB converters with different numbers of ports and their combination with other converters have been proposed for the following applications: hybrid energy storage (HESS) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]; more electric aircraft (MEA) [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]; monopolar and bipolar DC grids [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]; Solid state transformer (SST) and modular transformer in microgrids, locomotive traction, EV charging, shipboards ; doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) in wind turbines [58]; unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) [59][60][61][62]; electric vehicle (EV) charging [63][64][65][66][67]; renewable energy systems (RES) such as PV modules integration with energy storage systems (ESS), microgrids or EV charging stations [68][69]…”

“…Since a three-port MAB converter or triple active bridge (TAB) converter can meet the requirements in many applications, it is the most explored type of MAB converter [77]. However, depending on the application, adding more active bridges to achieve a higher number of ports has been proposed, resulting in the quadruple active bridge (QAB) [12,17,23,39,40,43,[46][47][48][49]51,52,[54][55][56][60][61][62]70,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90], penta active bridge (PAB) [41], 6-port [91], 10-port [75], and 12-port [35,92,93] MAB converters. Although adding more ports can provide potential advantages over the DAB converter, converter analysis becomes more complicated, and a research gap arises between the conventional DAB and the various MAB converters.…”