#SELFIES at the 2016 Rio Olympics: Comparing Self-Representations of Male and Female Athletes from the U.S. And China

Xu, Qingru; Armstrong, Cory L.

doi:10.1080/08838151.2019.1621138

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This study extends Xu and Armstrong’s (2019) research to explore athlete social media self-presentation in the U.S. and China during the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games with two major innovations: (a) instead of comparing Sina Weibo and Twitter, this study applies Sina Weibo and Instagram – two more comparable social media platforms – to assess athlete self-presentation across the two countries; (b) instead of exclusively focusing on gender, this study adds variables to measure how Chinese and U.S. Olympians express their nationalistic notions on social media platforms. By analyzing 1200 pictures posted by Chinese and U.S. athletes during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, this study provides insight into how athlete self-presentation interacts with gender, nationalism, and culture in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games.…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

“…They found that, compared to U.S. female athletes, Chinese female athletes post more pictures about their personal life, which can be attributed to the entrenched hegemonic gender values in China. However, Chen et al (2021) pointed out that the selection of social media platforms – Sina Weibo (China) and Twitter (U.S.) – might lead to the differences observed in Xu and Armstrong’s (2019) research. That is, U.S. athletes often use Twitter for building professional images but not for sharing daily life, which makes Sina Weibo and Twitter less comparable in analyzing athlete self-presentation across the two countries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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#Selfies With a Mask On: Comparing Self-Presentation of Athletes From the U.S. and China in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics

Guo

Kim

2022

Communication & Sport

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The purpose of this study is to explore Chinese and U.S. athlete self-presentation in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. By examining 1200 photographs posted by Olympians on social media, this study finds that (a) male athletes feature themselves in more revealing clothes than female athletes, (b) Chinese athletes actively show more nationalistic notions compared to their U.S. counterparts, and (c) U.S. female athletes are involved in more subordinating behaviors than Chinese female athletes. This study underlines how the intersection of gender, nationalism, and culture influences athlete social media self-presentation in the global pandemic context. Possible explanations and implications are discussed.

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supporting

confidence: 78%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

#Selfies With a Mask On: Comparing Self-Presentation of Athletes From the U.S. and China in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics

Guo

Kim

2022

Communication & Sport

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“…In their private life, "backstage," actors show their authentic, private self. While Goffman introduced self-presentation in the context of faceto-face interactions, researchers have used it in the context of social media (e.g., Hull, 2014;Lebel & Danylchuk, 2012;Xu & Armstrong, 2019). In the earliest studies, Lebel and Danylchuk (2012) explored gender differences in professional tennis players' self-presentation on Twitter and reported that athlete image construction between female and male athletes was largely similar, highlighting the use of Twitter by athletes as a self-marketing tool.…”

Section: Self-presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On social media, users have the opportunity to take their time and strategically manage their presentation of an idealized version of the self through carefully selected photos, well thought-out text messages, audio files, or videos. In a recent study, Xu and Armstrong (2019) explored the gendered differences between the self-representations of U.S. and Chinese athletes at the 2016 Rio Olympics. The authors' findings suggested that Chinese male athletes were dominant in self-disclosure, whereas minimal differences (in self-disclosure) were observed between male and female U.S. athletes.…”

Section: Self-presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory and Social Media in Sport Studies

Abeza

Sanderson

2022

International Journal of Sport Communication

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A key feature of a robust academic discipline is that its homegrown theories and investing in theory contribute to building good research. In the field of sport and social media research, the rigorous utilization of theory is one of the areas where the field is still facing “disciplinary pain.” In fact, the unique features of social media provide researchers in the sport research community with a valuable opportunity for proposing, testing, applying, critiquing, comparing, integrating, and expanding theories. In this commentary, the authors, based on their own experience (as researchers, readers, and reviewers of social media in sport), contend that reference resources are lacking on this topic to help young (or existing) researchers locate appropriate theories for their research. Hence, this work identifies, documents, and discusses the theories used, advanced, and developed in social media research for sport studies. Furthermore, a compilation is brought together of different theories from various disciplines that researchers in this community may consider for their future work.

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“…Within the patriarchal arc there are also cultural differences in gender that are translated into digitally mediated contexts. One content analysis comparing photos of US and Chinese athletes at the 2016 Rio Olympics on Twitter and Sina Weibo found that Chinese female athletes were more likely to incorporate smiling and a tilted head position compared to their Chinese male counterparts; US female athletes were more likely to depict themselves posed on a knee or body arched compared to their male counterparts, who tended to post photos of themselves upright (Xu & Armstrong, 2019). This study also found evidence of greater egalitarianism in US photos compared to Chinese photos, which could be due to the ongoing influence of Confucian ideals for male dominance in China and the attenuating effects of Title IX on male dominance in US sports.…”

Section: Is Social Media An Identity Playground?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture and Digital Media in Adolescent Development

Manago¹,

McKenzie²

2022

Handbook of Adolescent Digital Media Use and Mental Health

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Digital media are integrated into the lives of adolescents in almost every corner of the globe, yet the extent of integration, how media are used, and the effects of media in development are anything but universal. Much of what is known about adolescent digital media use and its consequences center on high-income economiesparticularly in the USA and Western Europe (e.g., Twenge et al., 2019;Vanden Abeele, 2016). Comparatively less is known about media use in lower-and middle-income economies, where digital media use has risen exponentiallyespecially among youthin a short period of time (Silver et al., 2019). Between 2000 and 2022, internet growth rates in Africa, Asia, Latin America/Caribbean, and the Middle East ranged from 2,300% to 13,000%, compared to 200-600% internet growth rates in Europe, North America, and Oceana/Australia during the same period of time (Internet Usage Statistics, 2022). Indeed, the increase in digital media use is now led by emerging and developing world regions (Poushter et al., 2018).The international perspective on digital media and adolescent development we provide in this chapter is important for a number of reasons. First, international perspectives help Western-based developmental psychologists such as ourselves appreciate human diversity and understand our own WEIRD (Western, Educated, Individualistic, Rich, Democratic;Henrich et al., 2010) perspectives on technology and human development. Second, cross-cultural research helps us to see how digital media such as mobile devices and social media platforms are cultural tools in the sociocultural tradition of Lev Vygotsky, rather than separate, disconnected, "virtual" places. Cultural tools are material and symbolic resources that accumulate through social processes across generations and that mediate human thinking and action (Cole & Scribner, 1978). Tools enable children to master psychological functions like memory, attention, and interpretation, which become implicated in a culture's definition of intelligence (Maynard et al., 2005). Although Vygotsky's theory is generally applied to cognitive development, the idea that digital media are cultural tools transforming human activity and psychological functioning can also be applied to social skills and identity development during the transition to adulthood (Manago et al., 2008).In conceptualizing digital media as cultural tools, we can examine the affordances or "opportunities for action" they offer, which are materially 162

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#SELFIES at the 2016 Rio Olympics: Comparing Self-Representations of Male and Female Athletes from the U.S. And China

Cited by 21 publications

References 39 publications

#Selfies With a Mask On: Comparing Self-Presentation of Athletes From the U.S. and China in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics

#Selfies With a Mask On: Comparing Self-Presentation of Athletes From the U.S. and China in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics

Theory and Social Media in Sport Studies

Culture and Digital Media in Adolescent Development

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