SEM/EDS analysis and characterization of gunshot residues from Brazilian lead-free ammunition

Química forense: perspectivas sobre novos métodos analíticos aplicados à documentoscopia, balística e drogas de abuso

“…A utilização dessa munição em especial tem se mostrado extremamente problemática de ser evidenciada pelos GSR inorgânicos, mesmo utilizando SEM/ EDX. 31 Dessa forma, pesquisadores têm utilizado novas metodologias para a caracterização dos resíduos orgânicos (pólvora) e inorgânicos (Figura 1b), 32 utilizando técnicas de separação como eletroforese 13,33 e cromatografia líquida 34 ou espectrometria atômica (fluorescência de raios-X, XRF, [35][36][37] além da espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado, ICP-MS, 38,39 espectrometria de massas de íons secundários 40 e espectrometria de absorção atômica). 41 A análise de drogas de abuso é uma das áreas que desperta grande interesse da comunidade científica no que tange à química forense.…”

Fast Detection and Chemical Characterization of Gunshot Residues by CMV-GC-MS and LIBS

“…Another reason not to rely on elemental analysis alone is the potential to find particles with similar composition, which can lead to false positive results [Martiny et al, 2008]. Several studies have indicated the presence of target elements in environmental particles, and trace amounts of these elements on the hands and clothing of individuals working in different professions, such as automobile mechanics, and workers exposed to pyrotechnics [Garofano et al, 1999;Brożek-Mucha et al, 2009;Brożek-Mucha et al, 2015].…”

“…Moreover, ammunition similar to the ones manufactured at CBC does not produce spherical particles after discharge like the ones expected to be found in GSR [Vanini et al, 2015]. Therefore, just relying on the morphology of the particles and the presence of Ba, Pb, and Sb can generate false positive or false negative results [Martiny et al, 2008].…”

“…These tests are usually performed in targets to determine shooting distance, but can also be applied to swab samples as a screening method [Berendes et al, 2006;Martiny et al, 2008]. The development of the sodium rhodizonate test is attributed to Feigl and Suter but the use of this reagent was first published by Feigl in 1924[Feigl et al, 1942.…”

“…Most of these tests are usually performed in targets to determine shooting distance, but can also be applied to swab samples as a screening method [Berendes et al, 2006;Martiny et al, 2008]. One of the first tests designed as an attempt to detect compounds indicative of GSR presence on the hands of shooters was the paraffin test.…”