“…In fact, AM is a molecule that can form 3D networks easily in the hydrogel. Besides, AM has a precise degree of crystallinity, which clarifies the uneven particles on the hydrogel 39 , 40 . Figure 4 SEM–EDX images of ( a ) Bentonite clay ( b ) SA-g-p(AM-Bn), ( c ) SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO 2 nanocomposite, ( d ) SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO 2 nanocomposite after adsorption.…”
In this study, a Sodium alginate-g-poly (acrylamide-clay)/TiO2 hydrogel nanocomposite [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] was synthesized using the biopolymer sodium alginate (SA), acrylamide (AM), and bentonite clay (Bn) as hybrid materials embedded with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) for the removal of toxic Congo Red (CR) dye from an aqueous solution. The [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] nanocomposite has been described on the basis of thermal stability, morphological analysis, estimation of functional group, and crystalline/amorphous character by TGA, EFSEM/EDX, TEM, FT-IR, and XRD analysis, respectively. The effects of operational parameters toward the CR dye adsorption on [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2], including contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, initial pH, and temperature were investigated. The maximum adsorption efficiency was found to be 185.12 mg/g for [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] in 100 mg/L of solution CR at pH 6.0 within 1 h. The equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics parameters of adsorption were examined, and results showed that the isotherm fitted the Freundlich model and the kinetics adsorption model of CR followed pseudo-first-order, thus indicating physisorption of anionic-CR onto the sorbent due to the development of an electrostatic attraction bond. Thermodynamic parameters for [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] have values (ΔG and ΔH) reflecting the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption processes. Moreover, [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] presented outstanding excellent reusability and recyclability with a relatively best removal percentage as compared to [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)] and suggested their applicability towards the textile industry and water purification purposes.
“…In fact, AM is a molecule that can form 3D networks easily in the hydrogel. Besides, AM has a precise degree of crystallinity, which clarifies the uneven particles on the hydrogel 39 , 40 . Figure 4 SEM–EDX images of ( a ) Bentonite clay ( b ) SA-g-p(AM-Bn), ( c ) SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO 2 nanocomposite, ( d ) SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO 2 nanocomposite after adsorption.…”
In this study, a Sodium alginate-g-poly (acrylamide-clay)/TiO2 hydrogel nanocomposite [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] was synthesized using the biopolymer sodium alginate (SA), acrylamide (AM), and bentonite clay (Bn) as hybrid materials embedded with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) for the removal of toxic Congo Red (CR) dye from an aqueous solution. The [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] nanocomposite has been described on the basis of thermal stability, morphological analysis, estimation of functional group, and crystalline/amorphous character by TGA, EFSEM/EDX, TEM, FT-IR, and XRD analysis, respectively. The effects of operational parameters toward the CR dye adsorption on [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2], including contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, initial pH, and temperature were investigated. The maximum adsorption efficiency was found to be 185.12 mg/g for [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] in 100 mg/L of solution CR at pH 6.0 within 1 h. The equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics parameters of adsorption were examined, and results showed that the isotherm fitted the Freundlich model and the kinetics adsorption model of CR followed pseudo-first-order, thus indicating physisorption of anionic-CR onto the sorbent due to the development of an electrostatic attraction bond. Thermodynamic parameters for [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] have values (ΔG and ΔH) reflecting the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption processes. Moreover, [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)/TiO2] presented outstanding excellent reusability and recyclability with a relatively best removal percentage as compared to [SA-g-p(AM-Bn)] and suggested their applicability towards the textile industry and water purification purposes.
“…It also shows the smaller pore size seen in the activated bentonite catalyst with a magnification of 20,000x. The pore size of bentonite greatly influences the adsorption process [19,20]. The more pores that are open on the bentonite surface, the better the adsorption process will be, with more adsorbate being adsorbed on the surface of the adsorbent pores.…”
The conversion is accomplished by pyrolyzing plastic bag waste at relatively low temperatures, around 50-225OC, and using a bentonite catalyst. The four products are alternative oils consisting of gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and non-condensable gas. The pyrolysis procedure is as follows: (a). 3 kg of chopped plastic waste mixed with a mass fraction of bentonite catalyst of around 0.035-0.0125 of the weight of plastic waste and then put into the pyrolysator; (b). the pyrolysator is heated with 1.5 kg of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) for 2-3 hours at a temperature ranging from 50-225oC; (c). pyrolysis results are stored separately in 3 pots: gasoline, kerosene, and diesel; (d). to clarify pyrolysis results by adsorption using a sand filter. The variables studied were the polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) plastic materials type and the effect of the mass fraction of bentonite catalyst ranging from 0.035 to 0.125. The research obtained relatively good results as follows. Pyrolysis of 3 kg of PP plastic waste with the mass fraction catalyst of 0.100 yielded 44.00% alternative gasoline, 10.76% alternative kerosene, 21.07% alternative diesel, and the remaining non-condensable gases. The flash (ASTM D7094) points of alternative gasoline, alternative kerosene, and alternative diesel are 84˚C, 68˚C, and 100˚C, respectively. The calorific value of each fuel product is 10,970 cal/g for alternative gasoline, 10,965 cal/g for alternative kerosene, and 10,816 cal/g for alternative diesel. In addition, the pyrolysis of PE plastic waste with the mass fraction of catalyt of 0.100 produced a yield of 27.65% for alternative gasoline, 17.11% for alternative kerosene, and 43.79% for alternative diesel, and the remaining was non-condensable gases. The respective flash points (ASTM D7094) of alternative gasoline, alternative kerosene, and alternative diesel are 84˚C, 70˚C, and 98˚C. The calorific values are alternative gasoline 10,979 cal/g, alternative kerosene 11,008 cal/g, and alternative diesel 11,027 cal/g.
“…Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) is a powerful technique used to investigate the morphology, microstructure, and elemental composition of materials at high resolution. In the context of this study, SEM-EDX analysis was employed to examine the surface morphology and elemental composition of expansive soils, providing insights into their structural characteristics and chemical composition [15,47]. The experimental procedure began with the preparation of soil specimens, following the same protocol as described for XRD analysis.…”
Expansive soils pose significant challenges due to their high potential for volume changes, leading to structural damages. This study aims to comprehensively characterize the microstructural and mechanical properties of expansive soils to facilitate selecting appropriate stabilization techniques. Advanced analytical methods including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and mechanical tests were employed. XRD analysis identifies and quantifies swelling clay minerals influencing expansive behaviour. SEM-EDX provides insights into particle morphology, microstructure, and elemental composition. TGA and DTA reveal thermal properties and phase transitions. FTIR offers insights into organic functional groups and molecular interactions. Mechanical tests evaluate strength, compressibility and volume change characteristics. By comprehensively characterizing microstructural attributes and mechanical behaviour of expansive soils, this research enables informed selection of stabilization techniques to mitigate adverse effects on infrastructure. This findings underscore leveraging advanced analysis to tailor stabilization strategies per specific soil characteristics, enhancing effectiveness and sustainability of ground improvement solutions.
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