SEM Studies of the Chars of Flame-Retardant Treated Fabrics

Chauhan, R.S.; Bhavsar, Rashmi B.; Bhagwat, M.M.

doi:10.1177/004051758105100707

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides a means for examination at magnifications great enough to see changes in indi-vidual fiber structures, and has been used to study chars of cotton fabrics that had been treated with various flame retardant (FR) agents [3,4,6,7]. Natural and synthetic fibers respond differently to flame retardants and to heat, and thus have different effects on the resulting char.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Heat on Cotton, Polyester, and Wool Fibers in Blended Fabrics - A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study

Goynes

Trask

1985

Textile Research Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Treating cotton textile fabrics with phosphorus-containing flame retardant finishes reduces the flammability of the fabrics. The presence of fibers other than cotton in blended fabrics changes the burning rates and char lengths of the fabrics, as well as the nature of the resultant chars. To better understand the relationship of blended fibers during burning, and the response of each fiber to heat, scanning electron microscopy was used to study structures of blended cotton/polyester and cotton/ wool fabrics, and of individual fibers, both before and after exposure to flames. In blended fabrics, changes in physical structures of polyester and wool were observed before those in cotton. Chars of blended fabrics were more stable than those from either fiber alone, because the charred cotton formed a network onto which the melted polyester and wool could flow. These melts in turn protected and strengthened the cotton residue.Visual examination of fabrics exposed to heat gives information on the response of both fibers and fabrics to increasing temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides a means for examination at magnifications great enough to see changes in indi-vidual fiber structures, and has been used to study chars of cotton fabrics that had been treated with various flame retardant (FR) agents [3,4,6,7]. Natural and synthetic fibers respond differently to flame retardants and to heat, and thus have different

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Heat on Cotton, Polyester, and Wool Fibers in Blended Fabrics - A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study

Goynes

Trask

1985

Textile Research Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The inclusion modifies the microscopic aspect of the treated samples. Thus, the inclusion complex and FR deposition combine chemically with the fibre to modify its intrinsic burning behaviour, as described by Chauhan et al [34]. The comparative SEM images ( Figure 13) of control sample (SEM 1) and CD-grafted sample (SEM 2), FR chemical-treated sample (SEM 3) and formed cross-linked and inclusion compound sample (SEM 4) allow the visualization of modified cellulosic fabrics.…”

Section: Evolved Gas (Ppm)mentioning

confidence: 86%

Study on properties of cotton fabric incorporated with diammonium phosphate flame retardant through cyclodextrin and 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid binding system

Veerappagounder¹,

Govindan

Shanmugasundaram³

2014

Journal of Industrial Textiles

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The chemical and physical structure of cyclodextrin makes it attractive for use in flame retardant finishing for improving the functional properties and durability of the finished fabric. The suitability of cyclodextrins for grafting using viable techniques that could be reproduced was studied. The flame retardant diammonium phosphate was applied on cyclodextrin-grafted cotton fabric and grafted cum bonded with 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid fabric. The modified monochlorotriazinyl-b-cyclodextrin gives more percentage of grafting (2.7%) under normal processing conditions used for cotton fabric. The effect of treatments like cyclodextrin grafting and 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid treatment on grafted fabric were analysed for diammonium phosphate flame retardant finishing. The whiteness and loss of strength caused by the cyclodextrin grafting was within acceptable limits and the hand value alteration was very less. The flammability behaviour and durability after 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 washing cycles were determined. The results reveal that the flame retardant property of cyclodextrin treatment enhances the durability of the fabric from non-durable to semi-durable, Downloaded from whereas the diammonium phosphate treatment on 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid/ cyclodextrin-grafted fabric changes the flame retardant from non-durable to durable. The evolution of gases during the burning of untreated and treated samples was analysed and the results show that the cyclodextrin-grafted fabric masks the evolving gases to some extent during burning and also that there was less release of formaldehyde in grafted samples compared with ungrafted diammonium phosphate finished sample.

show abstract

“…This can be explained in terms of far distance from the market area decreasing the probability of the farmer to practice different income sources. Hassan and Nhemachena (2008) identified that proximity to the market is an important determinant of adaptation, because the market serves as a means of exchanging information with other farmers [25].…”

Section: Distance To Marketmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Climate Change on Rural Women Households and their Adaptation Strategies: Halaba District, Ethiopia

Abebe

2022

IJESNR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Women are most vulnerable to climate change-related hazards based on their dependence on natural resources, daily life roles, and socioeconomic status. This study investigated the impact of climate change on rural women's households and their adaptation strategies. Purposive and systematic random sampling methods were used to select samples from the district, kebeles, and household heads. Four kebeles were selected purposively, and 200 female and male-headed households, 100 of each sex, were selected using systematic random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected through a household survey, focus group discussions, and interviews with key informants. The data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods (descriptive statistics and multinomial logit models). The results of this study show that female-headed households appear to be the most vulnerable segment of the community to the impacts of climate change due to existing gender-biased relations; limited access and less control over key resources, and the unfair distribution of roles, resources, and power. The major adaptation strategies to climate change are crop diversification, income source diversification, soil and water conservation, and irrigation. Generally, female-headed households appear to be more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change than male-headed households. Therefore, this study recommends the need to enhance women-headed households' capacity for effective adaptation by devising genderresponsive interventions. Moreover, it is important to strengthen the quality and delivery of important resources and services with increased efforts to ensure the participation of women to benefit them.

show abstract

SEM Studies of the Chars of Flame-Retardant Treated Fabrics

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Effects of Heat on Cotton, Polyester, and Wool Fibers in Blended Fabrics - A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study

Effects of Heat on Cotton, Polyester, and Wool Fibers in Blended Fabrics - A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study

Study on properties of cotton fabric incorporated with diammonium phosphate flame retardant through cyclodextrin and 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid binding system

Impacts of Climate Change on Rural Women Households and their Adaptation Strategies: Halaba District, Ethiopia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About